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Friday, May 31, 2019

The Benefits of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Essay

Animal rights are held entirely too high in regard. Many activist do not realize the benefits of testing on animals. They claim that it is unethical or cruel to perform experiments on such creatures. The truth is, the world as a whole has advanced tremendously in the past century due to animal experimentation. We are affected every day by at to the lowest degree one thing that has been influenced by animal testing. Many of the things we take for granted would not exist if it were not for experimenting with animals. The medicine that we need, the education that we receive, and the products that we use are equitable a few of the benefits that these animals bring to us. We should look at animals, not as poor defenseless creatures that are subject to cruel experiments, but as heroes that admit improved almost every aspect of our life in todays society. In contrast, opponents to animal testing believe that animals have a right to live as a human being. The rights of animals are even cl aimed in the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Animals proposed by the International League of the Rights of Animals. There are also opposers who believe that it is defile to hurt any living creature. People such as Michael Fox, a professor at Queens University of Kingston Ontario, has based his theory of the unjustification of animal experimentation on the principle of maleficence. This principle states that it is simply wrong to harm creatures that do not want to hurt you. The problem with this statement is that we value the life of an animal unhorse than a human life. Some experiments can only be done on animals. For example, we could not subject a human to a potential toxin or other harmful chemicals. Some other experiments measure life expectancy and would... ...ause the actual virus is introduced into the blood stream. However, in the end the death of the animal is reassert by the lives of the humans it saves. There is always a price to pay for the benefit for gentle mans gentleman. We should care for all animals living on this planet. However, the sacrifice of animals for the benefit of mankind surpasses all doubt whether or not animal experimentation is ethical. They have helped us more than we can ever imagine. Thanks to animals, we have advanced in all areas of living. Our medical standards are higher and our education is better. Animal testing has made available more products and improved technology. Although from the animals perspective it might seem acetous and inhumane, from the scientists point of view, one can clearly see that these animals are heroes that have helped the human race survive and advance in our world today.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Lost Dreams :: essays research papers

Lost DreamsRemember as a little child, and all those dreams you had? You did anything to make those dreams serve true, only to find out in two minutes everything could change. The dreams were gone, the struggle it took to get in that location seemed futile, and the life that was once organized was useless. Less than a division ago, I found out what exactly what that meant all the hard work, the planning, and the dream were gone in two minutes.The sun was bright and sunny that April morning, Florida seemed to always contract spring right. It was my first time in Florida and Walt Disney World. I liked the weather and, most of all I was happy to be there to cheer. As a senior in high school, it was my last year to cheer with the girls I have cheered with since I was seven, and if that was not enough it was my last year on an all-girl team. I was going to attend Florida State University in the fall of 2004 and cheer on a co-ed team. The Florida State University coach and the high sch ool coach were there to see me perform. By the morning of the competition, I was ready to prove myself to the coaches and my team. We crammed into an old school bus to ride us to the competition at Walt Disney World. When we got to the competition, I had to evidence in my individual event. After registration, the team got ready to perform.The smell of hairspray overwhelmed us as the representative of the National Cheerleading Association said, Maryland Twisters, you may take the floor.My automobile trunk got cold for the first time in seven years. I was scared of a two-minute routine that I had practiced a thousand times. When I stepped onto the stage, I could feel my heart as it rapidly pumped. I was scared, as we set for the routine. The first task to complete was a standing tumbling. Come on Michelle, cut across I screamed inside my head. You have to pull your legs around. I landed. Good, next was running tumbling. As I take upd to the next spot to start my running tumbling, everything seemed to move in slow motion. I was the last tumbler to go. sixfivefourthreetwoone It was my turn. My legs started to run my hands hit, then my feet. So far, I was okay.

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby is a classic American bracing, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1927 about corruption, murder and bread and butter in the 1920s. The true purpose for a writer to compose any piece of books is to entertain the reader, and this writer does this to the best of his ability. In this well-crafted tale, Fitzgerald presents a fast moving, exciting story, and to any typical reader it can be enjoyed however, if the reader takes the time to meditate his words and truly understand his symbolism used, it can transform this account into a completely different entity. In The Great Gatsby, it is apparent that Fitzgerald uses these symbols to provide representations of what life was handle during that time, and to help advance the thematic interests in his novel. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, symbolism is defined as The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symboli c meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships, and the author uses all varieties of symbols in the text to coax the reader into the true lives and personalities of the characters. Symbolism often allows the reader to fall apart understand the theme and mood that the author is trying to portray. Fitzgerald uses this to show details that cannot be revealed by words alone. Through symbolism, he allows the reader to refer to other, much tangible aspects of life. Throughout this novel, the types of symbolism vary from object to object, but some of the most notable examples of symbolism include the color cat valium, the overall move, and the eyes of sterilise T.J. Eckleburg. The use of symbolism throughout this novel not only helps to deliberate the reader insight into the true identities of the characters, but also further accentuates the themes portrayed throughout the novel. One of the more obvious examples of symbolism in this novel is the color green. This is evident from the beginning of the novel, when there is a small, flickering green light crossways the Manhasset Bay, separating the Manhasset Neck, also known as the East Egg, from the Great Neck, also known as the West Egg. One assumption can be made that the green hue of the light represents the envy that Gatsby has of Tom for being married to Daisy. Gatsby wishes that he was still with Daisy, and this light represents his hopes for... ...ovel, The Great Gatsby. By using specific examples of symbolism, he is enabled to give insight into the characters involved in the events which take place in the story, as well as the events that were taking place during that time period. Fitzgerald made references in this novel that ordain cause people in years to come to remember the 1920s for what they truly were, and regardless of if this was his purpose in writing the tale, he will be remembered for this. The novel is awash with symbolism which enhance the themes portrayed in the novel, bu t a few specific symbols are the color green, the entire setting of the story, and the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg. All of these symbols help the reader to draw conclusions about the time period, as well as further understand the personalities and attitudes of the characters. By cause the characters to have multi-faceted characteristics and dispositions, Fitzgerald causes the reader to feel like they are involved in the book, which leads the reader to become involved in the novel and actually feel like he is one of the characters. Symbolism enhances any piece of literature, but this piece in particular utilized symbolism to flawlessness.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

john kerry :: essays research papers

Massachusetts Senator John Kerry was the second Democrat to enter the race, announcing on December 1, 2002. Going into 2004, he was not considered a front-runner but came back to win the Iowa caucuses and almost every primary and caucus afterward, gathering equal delegates to be the Democratic nominee. His history includes a bachelors degree from Yale University in 1966 and a law degree from Boston College in 1976. His military service includes the Navy from 1966 to 1970 and the nautical Reserves from 1972 to 1978. He was first elected Massachusetts lieutenant governor in 1982 until 1984. He was then elected as a U.S. senator in 1984, and he considered a presidential run in 2000. Kerry has his own unique position on many key issues, including national security, the environment and energy, and education just beingness a few.One issue that Kerry has spoken about is our national security. Especially after September 11th, many people want a president who allow be able to provide us w ith a safe place to live. Kerry has many new plans that he will put into effect to do this. First, he backs letting the Patriot Act expire without congressional approval. He does not believe that this act will make Americans safer, but instead feels that it infringes on our rights as citizens. Also to encourage our rights, he is against labeling U.S. citizens "enemy combatants". Next we need to be able to course of action and stop terrorists before they are able to strike. Many of the learning problems that allowed terrorists to slip into our country before 9/11 have not been addressed. Kerry will improve our ability to gather, analyze, and share information so we can track down and stop terrorists before they cause us harm by setting up new organizations and reforming the ones in place already. We then need to protect our borders and shores. Today, our borders, our ports, and our airports are not as secure as they must be. Kerry will make our airports, seaports, and bord ers more secure without intruding upon personal liberties by giving these areas the resources and grooming that they desperately need. Also to help improve the border situation, Kerry will speed the immigration process to help unite families and decrease the amount of illegal aliens cut across into the country. The hardening of vulnerable targets is also part of his plan to protect Americans.

A Poetic Tragedy Essay -- Literary Analysis

Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, accepted to have been in written between 1599 and 1601. Perhaps the most famous tragedy ever written, the plays is about Prince Hamlets revenge for his fathers murder which lastly leads to his have death. The central character of the play is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Hamlet becomes the tragic champion who successfully makes his reprisal for his fathers death by murdering the antagonist, monarch Claudius, but he furthermore misplaces his own life as well as the inhibits of those dearest to him in the end. At the opening of the play, Hamlets dejected for his fathers death and the quick remarriage of his mother and world power Claudius motives his attempt to find out the truth, and furthermore, his dead father informs him about his murder as a ghost, which determinants him to revenge (Edwards 52). Hamlets madness, hesitation to action, demand for ocular proof, and final revenge are conventions of a dramatic form called revenge tragedy.All through the play, from searching the killing to justifying the truth, and finally revenge, Hamlet is bent on avenging his fathers death. Claudius is in alignment to come to his aid of revenge, which is the principal theme all through the play. The play, focused in Denmark, explains how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius for killing the historic King Hamlet, Claudiuss own male sibling and Prince Hamlets dad, and then marrying Gertrude, the King Hamlets widow and mother of Prince Hamlet. The play vividly journals the path of natural and fabricated madnessfrom swamping failure to seething rageand discovers topics of deceit, revenge, incest, and lessons in fraud (Hoy 99).Throughout the play, Hamlet has numerous opportunities to ave... ...William. Literature for Composition. Longman, 2011. Print. 908-1011Edwards, Phillip. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. bare-ass Cambridge Shakespeare ser. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1985. 52-63.Hoy, Cyrus. Hamlet. Norton Critical Edition ser. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1992. 99-111Lott, Bernard. Hamlet. New Swan Shakespeare Advanced ser. New ed. London Longman, 1970. 72-88.Ronald Knowles. Renaissance Quarterly. Vol. 52, No. 4 (Winter, 1999). 1046-1069 Published by The University of Chicago Press Article Stable http//www.jstor.org/ immutable/2901835Spencer, T. J. B. Hamlet. New Penguin Shakespeare ser. London Penguin. 1980. 67-81Wells, Stanley, and Gary Taylor. The Complete Works. By William Shakespeare, The Oxford Shakespeare. Compact ed. Oxford Clarendon Press New York Oxford University Press, 1988, 231-241.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

A Poetic Tragedy Essay -- Literary Analysis

Hamlet is a t heatdy by William Shakespeare, accepted to have been in written between 1599 and 1601. Perhaps the near famous tragedy ever written, the playfulnesss is about Prince Hamlets revenge for his fathers murder which eventually leads to his make death. The central character of the play is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Hamlet becomes the tragic champion who successfully makes his reprisal for his fathers death by murdering the antagonist, monarch Claudius, but he furthermore misplaces his own life as well as the inhibits of those dearest to him in the end. At the opening of the play, Hamlets dejected for his fathers death and the quick remarriage of his mother and King Claudius motives his attempt to find out the truth, and furthermore, his stillborn father informs him about his murder as a ghost, which determinants him to revenge (Edwards 52). Hamlets madness, hesitation to action, demand for visual proof, and final revenge are conventions of a dramatic form called revenge t ragedy.All through the play, from searching the killing to justifying the truth, and finally revenge, Hamlet is bent on avenging his fathers death. Claudius is in coalescence to come to his aid of revenge, which is the principal theme all through the play. The play, focused in Denmark, explains how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius for killing the historic King Hamlet, Claudiuss own male sibling and Prince Hamlets dad, and then marrying Gertrude, the King Hamlets widow and mother of Prince Hamlet. The play vividly journals the path of natural and pretended madnessfrom swamping failure to seething rageand discovers topics of deceit, revenge, incest, and lessons in fraud (Hoy 99).Throughout the play, Hamlet has numerous opportunities to ave... ...William. Literature for Composition. Longman, 2011. Print. 908-1011Edwards, Phillip. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. modernistic Cambridge Shakespeare ser. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1985. 52-63.Hoy, Cyrus. Hamlet. Norton Critical Edition ser. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1992. 99-111Lott, Bernard. Hamlet. New Swan Shakespeare Advanced ser. New ed. London Longman, 1970. 72-88.Ronald Knowles. Renaissance Quarterly. Vol. 52, No. 4 (Winter, 1999). 1046-1069 Published by The University of Chicago Press Article Stable http//www.jstor.org/stable/2901835Spencer, T. J. B. Hamlet. New Penguin Shakespeare ser. London Penguin. 1980. 67-81Wells, Stanley, and Gary Taylor. The Complete Works. By William Shakespeare, The Oxford Shakespeare. Compact ed. Oxford Clarendon Press New York Oxford University Press, 1988, 231-241.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Handling of information in social care settings Essay

1.1 Identify the legislation that relates to the transcription, storage and sharing of information in social care.The Data Protection movement 1998 controls how your personal information is used by organisations, businesses and the government. Everyone responsible for using info or storing data has to follow inexorable rules called Data protection principles these are as follows Used fairly and integrityfullyused for specifically state of matterd purposeskept for no longer than is absolutely necessitykept safe and secureNot transferred outside the UK without adequate protectionFor more sensitive information such as ethnic background, political opinions, sacred beliefs, health, sexual health and criminal records in that location is stronger legal protection.The Freedom of information act 2000 provides public access to information held by public governing. Public authorities are obliged to publish certain information just about the activities and members of the public are ent itled to request information from public authorities.The Act covers any put down information that is held by a public authority in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and by UK-wide public authorities based in Scotland. Information held by stinting public authorities is covered by Scotlands own Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. Public Authorities include Government departments, local authorities, the NHS, state schools and the police force. Recorded information includes markinged documents, computer files, letters, emails, photographs, and sound or videorecordings. The Act does not give people access to their own personal data such as their health records or credit reference file. If a member of the public wants to see information that a public authority holds about them, they should make a subject access request under the Data Protection Act 1998.1.2 Explain why it is important to have secure placements for recording and storing information in a social care setting.Th e various Acts of Parliament that relate to the handling, storing and sharing of information include amongst others The Data Protection Act 1998, noetic Capacity Act 2005, Human Rights Act 1998, Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. It is important to have secure system for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting as all information relating to clients must be kept mystical at all times except when we are legally required to disclose this information, for example, when a court warrant has been issued requesting certain information. Information on concern Home clients and in house information is valuable and critical to the business of the Home. We all rely on information to store and process information, so it is all-important(a) that we maintain Information Security, Insecure information can lead to Violation of an individuals human and civil rights action or deliberate inactivity that results in neglect and/or physica l, sexual, emotional or financial vilify. Abuse can be perpetrated by one or more people (either know or not known to the victim) or can take the form of institutional abuse within an organisation it can be a item-by-item or a repeated act. The extent to which people are able to receive the information, services or care they need and are not discouraged from seeking help. Issues involved include distance of travel physical access (e.g. premises suitable for wheelchairs) communication (e.g. information in Braille/large print and other formats) and the provision of culturally appropriate services.Outcome 2 know how to access support for handling information in social care settings.2.1 specify how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information.There are many ways to access guidance and information, and advice on handling information, the first people you would mouth to are your managers, seniors, office staff and work colleges, they will know where informat ion is kept, how to access that information and how to input information in the future. They will also be able to tell you what sort of information is confidential, what information can be shared and how to do this in a professional manner. You will also be able to find out all this by using the internet reading up in books and attending more training.2.2 Explain what actions to take when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information.Information recorded in a patients records is confidential under both common law and the Data Protection Act 1998, and must be saved by health and social care staff. Systems for the safe storage of records must be in place, and noone should have access to the records or the information contained therein unless they are directly involved in the care of the client, or the client has condition permission. Under the Data Protection Act clients can have access to their records, subject to a situation where disclosure is likely to c ause serious harm to the physical or mental health or condition of the client or any other person.If you find out any activities that are catastrophic to the client, staff or the home itself you must report these, some examples are.Illegal activitiesMiscarriages of justiceRisks to health and safetyAbuse of clientsMisuse of public funds dupery and corruptionDamage to the environmentPublic Disclosure Act.The Public Interest Disclosure Act provides workers with protection from dismissal or other damage as a result of making a disclosure of information in the public interest about wrongdoing at work. Such disclosures are protected if they are done according to the Acts provisions. Disclosures may be made to the employer, prescribed regulatory bodies or on a wider basis to the Police. The Acts protection is strongest where workers raise matters with their employers.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Parallels between Scottsboro and Maycomb Essay

To gobble up a jeerer, a classic novel written by Harper Lee, is focused on racism that takes dress in Maycomb, Alabama during the 1930s, where African Americans were segregated by unclouded men. Harper Lee said that the Scottsboro footrace, which was a trial that started because of discrimination, inspired her on writing To Kill a Mockingbird. Despite the differences betwixt the Scottsboro Boys and To Kill a Mockingbird, both of them had an impact on the racial implications and laws of the south. The Scottsboro Trials was a sad tragedy that took place in Alabama during the 1930s.While nine melanize youth, ages from 13 to 21, were on a train heading to Memphis, Tennessee to find a job, a fight between the nine black youths and a group of purity men started. After the lily-white men were kicked out of the train, they reported what had happened to a stationmaster, and the station master halt the train at a town called Paint Rock. After the train stopped, a group of policed ju mped on the train and arrested the nine black youths. When they are caught on the train, twain white women, dressed in mens clothes, were found hiding on the train.Then the two white women accused the nine black youths raping them without any evidence. Because raping in 1930s in the Deep South was a big crime, so many trials started. At the end, every one of the Scottsboro Boys were sentenced to death take out for the youngest one, Roy Wright, who was 13 days old. The reason why the jurors did not sentence him to death is because of his age. Although he was not sentenced to death, he was still sentenced for spending his life time in jail (The Scottsboro Case (1931)) (Lanset). Maycomb, Alabama is the main setting that the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, took place.Maycomb and the Scottsboro Trials are similar because they both relate to the discrimination between African Americans and white men. It was Tom Robinson, who was accused of rape by a white woman, just as the Scottsboro Boys was, and he was sentenced guilty by all-white juries even though he did null wrong. Although he wasnt sentenced to death, he was still killed by jail guards who shot seventeen bullets at him just because he tried to escape. To Kill a Mockingbird and the Scottsboro Boys are similar because Harper Lee based her story on the Scottsboro Trials.The first case took place during April 1931, and it was taken to the juries around three pm. For less than two hours, the juries announced the verdict, death penalty after the crows outside heard it, they yelled of approval. Also, the juries as well warned people who were in the courthouse that there must be no intro staged after the verdict, so the people in the courtroom just applauded, while people outside cheered wildly. The second trial that was held on April 8th, for eighteen-year-old Haywood Patterson.Then the dialog box announced a verdict of death penalty within three hours. The third case was tried with five boys Olin Montgomery, wh o was seventeen and nearly blind, Andy Wright (18 years old), Eugene Williams (17 years old), Willie Robeson (17 years old), and Ozie Powell, who was 16 years old. During this trial, Willie RObeson was suffering from a bad venereal disease, so it was pretty much impossible to rape somebody with that disease. However, the case went to the dialog box at four pm, and next morning, the verdict was still a death penalty.During the trials, Governor Benjamin Miller even sent the Alabama National refuge to Scottsboro to prevent a death sentence, but at the end, eight of the Scottsboro Boys were still sentenced to death, except for the youngest one, Roy Wright. Although Roy Wright wasnt sentenced to death, he was still sentenced to be in jail for his only life (Linder) (Salter). All the trials of Scottsboro started pretty much because of discrimination. On June 22, 1933, Jude James Horton was convinced that Victoria Price was lying because all her stories were inconsistent also, she had n o witnesses and medical evidences for her claims too. some other person, Dr. Lynch, who asked to talk to Horton privately, said that the girls were lying too. As a result, arbiter Horton took his verdict of death penalty back, and announced that there will be a new-fangled trial. Attorney General Knight also promised that there would be evidences for Victoria Prices rape story Orville Gilley, a white boy on the train agreed to testify for the prosecution. William Callahan, a judge whose age is about 75, was going to participate in Haywood Pattersons next trial on November 1933.During the trial, essay Callahan cut off all the questions about Victoria Prices chastity, character, and reputation. Also, when Leibowtiz queried Price about her probability of having sex with someone other than a Scottsboro Boy, Judge Callahan stopped him. He did these because he wanted to debunk this event off the Americans newspaper. Similarly to the Scottsboro trials, Tom Robinsons trial in To Kill a M ockingbird also started because of discrimination. Mayella wanted to protect her dad, so she accused Tom, an African American, of raping her.She accused a black guy because she knew that in a fight, white men always win (Linder). The Scottsboro Trials incident had impacted the communitys racial climate and the ideologies during the 1930s. Firstly, it had forced the country to look back to their racial practices although white men disliked black men. Secondly, the African Americans changed from republicans to democratic community. Thirdly, the Scottsboro Trials made black men realize how badly the white men were treating them. For example, racial practices and how they were looked upon by law.Lastly, it also changed the way the legal system of the United States is viewed. Because of the Scottsboro Boys, the African Americans learned to fight for their rights (Ross) (Scottsboro Boys Hist2081) The discrimination between African Americans and white men was the reason why the Scottsboro Trials and the trial in To Kill a Mocking happened. Although black men lost in their trials, they later realize their power, and started to fight for their rights. The Scottsboro Trial is an event that impacted the all in all world, especially America, making them realize several things they had done wrong, and to never repeat it again.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

A Refutation of the Descent of Man from Apes Essay

Perhaps even before the time of Darwin, military personnel had already started asking himself where he had come from, and somehow the scheme of Divine Creation that man was rather created as himself and has non descended from any other animal proved to be rather insufficient as a means to explain his roots. Scientific studies later on proved that in that location are several(prenominal) homologies shared by man and apes and the question remains as to whether man has indeed descended from this group of primates called apes. However, despite the obvious similarities mingled with the two species, the results of this investigation say otherwise.The Proofs against the Supposed Descent of Man from the Apes The Common Ancestor. It is claimed that human didnt evolve from apesbut that humans share a common theme with modern African apes, like gorillas and chimpanzees (Where We Came From, 2001). The reason therefore for the similarities and the homologous morphological and anatomical ch aracteristics between humans and apes may not be exactly due to the fact that the first descended from the second but that they could just be of the same ancestor.In a similar way, when you see similarities between two people of different ages, you cannot immediately conclude that the older one has begotten the other but that they could be twain siblings. In logic, one can say that just because A looks similar to B, it does not necessarily mean that A has descended or originated from B, although we cannot deny that indeed there is some connection. In short, the claim that humans descended from apes may just save been one speculation or assumption based on morphological evidence, which may prove to be weak.This common ancestor is believed to find existed 5 to 8 million years ago and shortly thereafter, the species diverged into two separate lineages (Where We Came From, 2001). There have been claims that the ape or gorilla lineage branched off 1. 6 to 2. 2 million years earlier than did the human-chimpanzee divergence (Chen & Li, 2001), making humans even closer to chimpanzees than apes. The call evolutionists have given to this so-called common ancestor of humans and apes is known as Australopithecus, which means South African ape (Hasnain, 2009).The conjecture of the common ancestor has been backed by several studies which stated that either mitochondrial DNA (Ferris, Wilson & Brown, 1983) or the extremely close immunological resemblance between the serum albumins of apes and man. (Sarich & Wilson, 1967) The problem, however, is that it could be that this theory is not that plausible after it was found that the beings called Australopithecus in this imaginary scenario fabricated by evolutionists really are apes that became extinct (Hasnain, 2009).If the Australopithecus had actually not existed, then it could be that man has really descended from apes owing to the homology in their physical structures. Convergent Evolution. The homology in the morphol ogy of humans and apes is, however, not a strong fasten that the first have descended from the second. It is said that the resemblance in the skeleton structure of apes and humans has always served as strong evidence for common ancestry (Evolution of Man, 2010).It is however a poor assumption that similarity means thinkness, which means that two species can have homologous anatomy even though they are not related in any way (Evolution of Man, 2010). This is known as convergent evolution. Convergent evolution t to each onees one that two species which are distinctly unrelated from each other could have just have developed separately and at times coincidentally produced similarities in morphology.In a similar way, based on pure simple logic, it does not necessarily mean that two people are related just simply because they look similar, even very similar. Menton (2002) states that these similarities may have just been due to an incredible run of countless lucky mutational coincidenc es. This simply means that it could have been that it is a mere coincidence that humans and apes look alike. Deductive Logic. Robinson (2005) argues that If humans evolved from apes, then one would expect that there would be no apes left on earth all would have evolved into humans. This disceptation simply means that since evolution propels a species to change, and if it is true that apes have evolved into humans, then there simply seems no logical explanation as to why several apes nowadays have not evolved into humans. Nevertheless, this claim could be refuted by the theory that certain species of animals may not have evolved because of their ecological niche. This means that certain apes in the jungle may not have evolved into humans due to the fact that the former are arboreal. Conclusion Man has not descended from apes.This is proven by scientifically-based claims that have established the existence of a common ancestor. Another proof is that the evolution of both humans and apes was merely convergent. Lastly, deductive logic disproves it. At this point in time, scientific researches on the evolution of man and apes have not been able to completely shed light on the possibility or impossibility of mans descent from their primate brothers. Further research is therefore highly recommended.References Chen, F. C. & Li, W. H. (Nov 1985). Subliminal messages Between the devil and the media. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 6, 444-456.Retrieved whitethorn 19, 2010, from the cellular telephone database http//www. cell. com/AJHG/retrieve/pii/S0002929707640968 Evolution of Man What is it?. Science. (2010). Retrieved May 18, 2010 from the AllAboutScience. org website http//www. allaboutscience. org/evolution-of-man. htm Ferris, S. D. , Wilson, A. C. , & Brown, W. M. (Apr 1981). Evolutionary Tree for Apes and Humans based on Cleavage Maps of Mitochondrial DNA. Evolution, 78, 2432-2436. Retrieved May 19, 2010, from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the join States of America database http//www.pnas. org/content/78/4/2432. full. pdf+html? sid=768efdca-ce15-463a-959d-dd9fbbf7e9d1 Hasnain. Did Men and Apes Come from a Common Ancestor?. Food for Thought Thought Provoking Articles. (26 Jan 2009). Retrieved May 18, 2010 from the Hasnains Life website http//hasnain. wordpress. com/2009/01/26/did-men-and-apes-come-from-a-common-ancestor/ Menton, D. N. , Ph. D. If We Resemble Apes, Does That Mean We Evolved from Apes?. Origin of Man. (2002). Retrieved May 18, 2010 from the Missouri Association for Creation website http//www. gennet. org/facts/metro05. html

Friday, May 24, 2019

Psychological Survival †Cohen and Taylor Essay

1) Aim of the studyObtain a phenomenological picture of long term imprisonment i.e. the analysis of the e truly day bearing of long term prisoners.The smooth patterning of every day life is the result of social interactions and learning close routines and the variant domains of life. But some situations are away(p) the routines (death, sense of self or world view threatened). Disturbed orderliness brings meaning of life into question and often individuals rely on a opposite domain.Long term prisoners cannot do this. Theirs is a life in cold storage.Psychologically fractious to deal with life outside. Some people go in when 20 and dont leave before theyre 40, so a lot has gone on in everyday life and theyve deep in thought(p) it.2) Cohen and Taylor not really interested in the crime committed and the moral issues behind it. They are just interested in how prison affects this group of people. lodge has been taken away from these people. Some of the people are well known, but th ey put aside what these people have been convicted on, they just want to know about their psychological survival.3) Life insideMetaphor of a submarine Impregnability, empty, claustrophobic, lifeless, bland no natural light, TV cameras.Things we take for granted in normal life, sociability and privacy, are not there. Not many friends you can have or choose to have.Relationships between guards and prisoners, maybe from a similar social backgrounds, have a lot to talk about. In the E-wing case there was a very pronounced geographical divide, north and south. Prisoners have a public profile outside, quite a famous and it sets them aside from the guards. A sense of celebrity in some of the prisoners. This creates a division between guards and prisoners. New power dynamic.Not only hard to create and maintain relationships inside hard to do so with the external world. The prisoners were more worried about getting letters rather than receiving them.No material contact, e.g. members of you r family. Not allowed to talk about conditions in the prison maybe that is why they wanted to get their stories heard with Cohen and Taylor. Isolating experience.5) different people fulfil different social roles. Obviously there was a small pool in prison. One friend had to fulfil many different roles, which made friendship very strong and intense. Some people were moved constantly and losing your one friend can be traumatic. Intensity of relationships and falling out, which will have an impact on the group and on you.No privacy no time. Cant develop intimacy with other people. Constantly surrounded by others. Interactions regulated within the group to make sure no consistency got harmed. 6) time means different things. For us its a resource.Living the present they dont salute or think of the 20 years ahead.Marking time in different shipway mood, seasons, unusual markers.Make time pass faster body building, university courses, etc. promise of a visit. 8 weeks visit for e.g.7) det eriorationobsessive concern about their physical and psychological condition.8) history of riots, rebellions and security. Cohen and Taylor interested in solidarity. The fretfulness towards guards held the group together, helped with bonding. Fight back together.9) authority and unitydifferent situations lead to different types of solidarity10) fighting back11) different criminal careers lead to different ways of psychological survival.Notes from a lecture and seminar on Psychological Survival.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Organizational Culture and Its Counterculture

The authors Joanne Martin and C arn Siehl argon focusing on organizational close and its counter finish. The definition give by the authors for counter nicety states that counterculture pull up stakes most liable(predicate) arise in a strongly centralized organization that has allowed a reasonable decentralization of potentiality to take place. The article assumes that cultural systems can unders nerve as well as sustain the objectives of the firms top management. The main argument here is that in addition to serving integrative functions, culture can express disagreement and ad come needs for segregation among organizational elements.As a replacement for come backing culture is a huge phenomenon, they explore countercultures uneasy symbiotic relationship with the rest of an organization. Finally they tackle the connection between cultural development and managerial action by asking what a leader does, unintentionally or intentionally, that seems to impact the development of a counterculture. Given said that when a dominant culture and a counterculture takes place it creates an uneasy symbiosis between these two interdependent cultures. There were two books selected for this research, one was by Ed Cray and the other was by J. P Wright on oecumenic Motors.The three bone marrow value for dominant culture in GM were respecting authority, fitting in and beingness loyal. J. P Wright talks about how DeLoreans stratum in GM has created an uneasy symbiosis relationship between the dominant culture and counterculture. DeLoreans activities require been studied to see how he has created a counterculture in an organization with such a strong dominant culture. There are several ways to counter the dominant culture and DeLorean has make so by wondering deference to authority, finding an alternative way to fit in and opposing demands for unquestioning loyalty. . There are three types of subcultures the primary is enhancing, orthogonal and counterculture. This articles main focus will be on counterculture. According to the authors some core values of a counterculture has a purpose challenge to the core values of a dominant culture, therefore creating an uneasy symbiosis. This article has taken two main authors as their references to explore the adequacy of a dominant culture and a counterculture and to find out what values those artifacts put across.The two main authors are Ed Cray, Chrome Colossus General Motors and Its quantify (McGraw-Hill, 1980) and J. P Wrights description of DeLoreans activities, On A Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Wright Enterprises, 1979). This article was done on General Motors, one of the main characters that was discussed in this article was on John DeLorean who was a head of one of the divisions in GM. DeLorean was a man who do his way up the merged ladder which gave him a position of leadership, resources and power who in return questioned the dominant culture of GM.There were three main core value s of GM that were discussed, the first is Respecting Authority Jargon and Rituals of Deference. What happens in GM is that the dominant culture gives so much importance to paying reverence to the top corporate management special jargon was used to refer to these executives. For example, each top manager was assigned a junior executive who will be an assistant, and these assistants were called frump robbers which meant an assigned servant who is responsible to pick up the dogs dropping in a large household. other type of dominant culture artifact was the ritual, GM had umpteen rituals, this is just one of the rituals subordinates were expected to meet their superiors from out of the town at the airport and carry their bags, pay for their hotels, meals and chauffeur them well-nigh day and night. The second core value found in GM was Fitting In Communicating Invisibility by Visible Cues. The core value of invisibility was expressed by means of such visible cultural artifact as dres s and decor.An example GMs dress code was a dark suit, a turn on shirt and a muted tie so that no single employee stands out. The rule implemented on office decor also states the value of invisibility. each(prenominal) the decor was standardized. In GM if an employee was invisible he was a police squad player. They engage in public, symbolic acts of conformity to show they are squad players. The third core value to the GM way of life was loyalty to ones boss. They were all expected to be loyal to their bosses and not question them or even point out their wrong doings.One of the examples given was, GM retirement dinner, in this retirement dinner they pay tribute to the retiree by telling his journey story in the past years in GM. These dinner instilled mutual respect, admiration and loyalty. It was important for GM to tell the stories of their retiring employees, apparently because these stories were true and shows a sequence of events in the companys history. In one case, DeLo rean did not go to pick his boss up from the airport, which was a ritual followed by all GM employees, what happened was DeLoreans boss was furious and expected DeLorean to not repeat it ever again.In the retirement dinner, they reward the retiree for the past tasks done by ensuring future loyalty, so in DeLoreans case he would be marked by the others and may be seen as someone who isnt a team player. The counterculture to these dominant cultures can be seen by DeLoreans actions. There are three flying fields to it the first is questioning deference to authority. DeLorean kept creating stories that were being questioned by other employees, because one story will not make most of the employees buzzing, therefore DeLorean created many situations.For example, he wanted to replace deference to authority with task-oriented efficiency. He discouraged the meeting of superiors at airports. DeLorean himself role modeled the behavior. This incident became an organizational story. He became a controversial and powerful figure. This situation event was epoch-making because it expressed a value that contradicted a core value of the dominant culture. The second counterculture, An Alternative to Fitting In The Limits of Acceptable Deviance. DeLorean did not agree on the core value of fitting in team play. He instead valued dissent and independence.He backed his values with practices, by changing his divisions performance judgement system. Performance was measured on basis of criteria that were as objective as possible. DeLorean was also able to role model himself by not following the dress code and he also changed the decor in his division, allowing his executives to earn their own touch in their spaces. This was his way of declaring independence from the dominant culture. The only way a counter culture can sustain is by implementing the practices as well as being consistent with the preferred value.Opposing Demands for Unquestioning Loyalty is the third counterculture. articulation of a boomerang challenged the dominant culture. The Corvair was a product of GM that was supposed to be the finest and most appealing product to attract the young. The Corvair story becomes a boomerang, it takes a sudden turn and employees started questioning the safety of the rear engine, but without enough support and evidence that the Corvair was not safe GM management told the employees who objected to join the team or find some other place to work. In the end the Corvair had caused many deaths because of its faulty design.This in return cost GM its reputation and millions of dollars in legal expense, and of court settlements. 3. This argument fits with my experience as an observation that I have seen happen over and over again, it is no other than an public area which most of us are bound to go to in some judgment of conviction in our lives in different occasions, the hospital. It is perpetually said that right later graduating as a doctor, the worst fear for all of them is their interne ship years. It is a dominant culture that all saucy doctors who are coming in for their houseman ship are pushed around and are made to work over time.In other words they are bullied by their superiors. It has been a culture that has been fortuity all around the world and many have come to accept it as a norm. In my opinion I dont think it should be the case, I count that there can be an artifact of a counterculture here. Why it is that fresh new graduate doctors allow their superiors to push them around to a certain extreme. For example, ranking(prenominal) doctors, will intentionally post questions for houseman ship doctors in front of a unhurried and then mock them for the answers given to enforce their authority as senior doctors.This can be emotionally damaging depending on the degree of verbal abuse. Another case would be houseman ship doctors are treated as the lowest employees in the hospital during their houseman ship years they are not on ly pushed around by senior doctors but by the nurses as well. They are made to do irrelevant work and lots of running around. Another case would be sometimes, senior doctors will make houseman doctors to do their shifts as well, resulting in the housemen to be wore out and exhausted.Some of these housemen will eventually break down, for they are not able to carry off with the pressure and stress. Then again this happens over and over again in all parts of the world. In my opinion I think it would make a lot of difference if some doctors have the capability to stand up and make a change in this environment. I believe as time goes by, more and more stories and incidents will occur causing the dominant culture to be questioned and a breakthrough for a counterculture to take place in this particular environment.I am sure there are cases where certain doctors have made a stand for themselves, but with the repetition of the same behavior this dominant culture may be able to change. Where the houseman ship doctors are treated with equal respect and are able to apply what they have learnt over the past few years in their houseman ship years. 3. This argument fits with my experience as an observation that I have seen happen over and over again, it is no other than an public area which most of us are bound to go to in some time in our lives in different occasions, the hospital.It is always said that right after graduating as a doctor, the worst fear for all of them is their houseman ship years. It is a dominant culture that all new doctors who are coming in for their houseman ship are pushed around and are made to work over time. In other words they are bullied by their superiors. It has been a culture that has been happening all around the world and many have come to accept it as a norm. I believe that there can be an artifact of a counterculture here.For example, senior doctors, will intentionally post questions for houseman ship doctors in front of a patient and the n mock them for the answers given to enforce their authority as senior doctors. This can be emotionally damaging depending on the degree of verbal abuse. Another case would be houseman ship doctors are treated as the lowest employees in the hospital during their houseman ship years they are not only pushed around by senior doctors but by the nurses as well. They are made to do irrelevant work and lots of running around.Senior doctors will make houseman doctors to do their shifts as well, resulting in the housemen to be wore out and exhausted. Some of these housemen will eventually break down, for they are not able to lot with the pressure and stress. Then again this happens over and over again in all parts of the world. It would make a lot of difference if some doctors have the capability to stand up and make a change in this environment. As time goes by, more stories and incidents will occur causing the dominant culture to be questioned and a breakthrough for a counterculture to t ake place in this articular environment. I am sure there are cases where certain doctors have made a stand for themselves, but with the repetition of the same behavior this dominant culture may be able to change. Where the houseman ship doctors are treated with equal respect and are able to apply what they have learnt over the past few years in their houseman ship years.4. advert Martin, J and Siehl, C (1983) Organizational Culture and Counterculture An Uneasy Symbiosis. Organizational Dynamics, pp 52-64

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

A Critique of Tess Onwuemeâۉ„¢s Tell It to Women Essay

To Women, we travel back to a Nigerian closure in postcolonial Africa. The story enlightens the audience about the dichotomy of traditionality versus modernism and the ways in which different cultures interact. It ends by revealing the true meaning of culture the real quality in a society that arises from a pettishness for what is excellent in arts, manners, and customs.Over any, the play discusses the role of women within this Nigerian village and largely examines the conflict of whether it is better to advance with the rest of the world, or to d ar on to the traditions that truly make a society independent and beautiful. The play begins with Yemoja, the most important woman in the village, in a house with Daisy and Ruth, both feminist western-educated scholars. They are the primary antagonists in the play. At this early stage, we see that Daisy and Ruth are not fond of Yemoja.Daisy and Ruth are leaders of the remedy Life for Rural Women campaign, which inspires women to belie ve that they are not only equal to men in many ways, but are level off superior in others. The two of them select Yemoja as the mediator between the village and the western world that they are so desperate to force upon the women. The movement causes a great disturbance in the village between the men and women, and especially with Yemojas husband and father. Back in Daisys home, she has been getting into many disagreements with her family.Her husband Okei, disagrees with her passion about the feminist movement and they frequently fight about it. Her mother-in-law, Sherifat, still encourages Yemoja to participate in the villages traditional tribal rituals. Sherifat expresses that it would a wicked fate if Yemoja attempts to assimilate to the modern culture and loses her roots. As the story goes on, Daisy becomes estranged from her daughter Bose, as Bose is beginning to understand more and more the culture of the village and becomes closer to Yemoja and Sherifat.Towards the end of the play, the villagers organize a march, for which Daisy gives Yemoja steps to teach to the rest of the women. It becomes clear to Yemoja at that point that western culture is not for them. Daisy and Ruths superior arrives to enlighten the women about her ideas of feminism. She is the one that will decide whether or not the movement has succeeded or not. When it is time for Yemoja to perform the dance, however, she and Sherifat perform one of the Idu rituals instead. Bose even joins in the dancing. Ruth falls and becomes extremely injured while Daisy is thrust into the middle of the action.The play ends here(predicate) in a beautifully tragic aspect as Ruth chokes to death while the rest of the villagers celebrate having revitalized their culture. Tess Onwuemes play was delightfully written and captivating to any audience. The story was intrigue and definitely matched its title. Now I see that, Tell It To Women, is a statement on how the women of the village are always being tol d to do or be something. Whether it is by Daisy and Ruth or by their husbands, the women never really find their own voice until the very end.We see in the first movement, Sherifat vocalizing the chorus of women that being a wife is meaning that a wife deserves to be treated like a daughter and not something that you possess. Yet, throughout such(prenominal) of the story, we see the women being treated like servants and as subhuman to Daisy and Ruth, the village men, and western civilization as a whole. However, I believe that even as a woman, the author was at quantify, very objective in her portrayal of feminism. She was able to write a play that showed both the positives and negatives of modernism, while advancing the ideals of traditionalism.She does all this without losing sight of what is most important to women of a small village like that. At one part she even has Ruth say these rural women are very gullible, you know. All you need to do is make them feel they are import ant we need them anyway, maybe even more than they need us. The author is commenting here on the passive-aggressive attempts of Daisy and Ruth but also shows that the village women do not actually need to be modernized. Perhaps here, the author is a little slanting because she is making Daisy and Ruth out to be selfish and slightly cruel.To a western reader, the play was not very easy to read. The names of the villagers were at times tongue tying and I found myself changing opinions about a character because I in fact, thought they were another. Onwueme also does not really condone the native African dialect and proverbial expressions that are used, which was slightly confusing as well. Many play-writes include footnotes at the bottom of the page to explain vulgar that is not known to the reader and that would have been very helpful here.That being said, the true meaning of the play was present the entire time. The clash of cultures and the lingering trouble of colonialism in A frica come through wonderfully in the authors interpretation. In one eloquent line we see that colonialism left its smirch of the villagers. Sherifat says to Daisy that its easier for those who inflict the pain on others to forget. Tell It To Women, while at times was hard to follow, beautifully captured the struggle of traditionalism versus modernism and is a true mark of feminism.Overall, I thought that the play was well written and captivating. Even as a man, when sometimes it is hard to understand the desires of women, let alone women of another culture, I was able to grasp the true value of this play. It enlightened me about African culture and the roles of men and women in society. I believe Onwueme did a tremendous rail line in exposing the struggles of postcolonial Africa in an artful representation.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

College Entrance Essay Essay

Over the past few years I have increasingly become confident that a go in psychology is the right path for me. I am by nature a very caring, support person, a good listener and somebody who enjoys being able to connect with others.My friends and family see me as the kind of person they peck go to when they hire to talk about their problems, and they know that I am someone that they batch trust. To me, there is nothing more fulfilling than the feeling of reaching out and connecting with an individual, and being able to offer them support.Both my parents were clinical psychologists, and undoubtedly this influenced my need to become a psychologist. They exposed me at an early age to psychological ideas and the practice of psychotherapy. I could see the passion they brought to their profession, and the satisfaction they experienced by helping others.I believe also that my mothers death when I was ten helped influence my interest in psychology. My mothers death was a traumatic event for me and my family, and when she passed away I had to help emotionally support my younger brothers. Our subsequent participation in family therapy showed me how important it is to talk about feelings and problems, and how families can heal and move on from even the most traumatic experiences.In order to make a career of my interest, I will need both(prenominal) undergraduate and graduate training in psychology. If I should choose to open up a practice, I will need business training as well. My choice of college is based on finding a strong psychology program and an environment where I can feel like I can make a personal connection with my professors and my peers.In addition to having a strong psychology department, I am looking for a college or university in New England with a small faculty/student ratio. I want to feel like I can personally connect with my professors and peers, and not be just a number in large classes. Castleton State College meets all of these requirements. T o me, Castleton State seems to be more then just aninstitute of learning, its a place where the students are able to experience new ideas and encounter new challenges that will later help them learn critical skills needed to be successful in a diverse and interdependent world. In addition to a good education, I feel that Castleton State is a place that will abandon me to grow intellectually, socially, and spiritually.The health field, and mental health in particular, is becoming increasingly challenging and competitive. After my bachelors degree, I plan to pursue both my masters degree or my doctorate in psychology, and I know that I will need strong undergraduate training to be effective at the graduate level. I believe that Castleton State College will provide me with the training and perspective on myself and my career that I will need to be successful and to pursue my dream.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Polarization in Us Politics

Analyze the evidence that American politics is becoming more polarized. If so, is this a chemical reaction to the polarization of political elites? Approx 1500 words 13/12/10 The alternative of 2008 marked the shoemakers last of an epoch. No longer could republicans count on the basic conservatism of the American people, the reflexive hostility to candidates who privilege big government (Darman, 2010, 34)In the 1970s and 1980s thither was a consensus that the importance of political parties was in decline, that the overlap conservative ideology of the American electorate was reflected in the similar ideology and policy of the Democratic and Republican party. Now, however, the parties argon seemingly taking on renewed importance as the population of the United countrys grows slight and less homogenous. There is now a consensus in the American media that their politics argon increasingly Polarized between the self-aggrandizing voters who vote Democrat, and the more traditional co nservatives who support the Republican Party.This essay pull up stakes assess the evidence for whether or not the American political system is indeed polarizing, and if so, then for what primings? The role of political elites will too be examined, whether or not they be polarizing aswell, and whether this is a large contributing cause of the polarising of the quite a little? Many, including Marc Hetherington, controvert that there has indeed been a tip of mass and elite polarisation, and Hetherington believes that the mass polarization is a reaction to the elites increasing partisanship (2001, 621, 629).There is evidence in surveys that the political elite is polarizing the amount of self proclaimed in truth conservative Republicans in congress and senate has risen from 12 to 30 percent since 1972, and the amount of very costless Democrats has risen from 8 to 20 percent (St cardinal, 2010, 39), this shows that as such(prenominal) as half of delegates are radicals. For this creator political debate has grown more and more rancorous, both in Washington DC and in the media. The role of information in Democracy cannot be understated, it is a cornerstone of Dahls Polyarchy (1972).Although some media companies may bear witness to attempting to provide news without bias, their agenda as businesses is to turn a profit and as it is common for them to persuade up political positions in order to gain market share. To illustrate this, rag News 24 hour television station was introduced in 1996 (this in itself could be seen as evidence for polarization) and by 2000 had managed to sop up 17 percent of the US population by adopting a staunchly conservative viewpoint (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007), era one must stop short of attributing the Republican success at the 2000 election to the introduction of a conservative news station.The same study shows that not Fox News emergences causation with an increase in voter turnout (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007, 1228), arguably mobilising a previously disenchanted group. The radical left and right leaning delegates mentioned to a higher place are natur tout ensembley the most visible politicians to the public in terms of media coverage as a result of the medias wont for framing politics in terms of conflict (Hetherington, 2001, 622).It follows that the mass public will hale their positions from the partisan opinions and attitudes which they are exposed to on their televisions and in their newspapers, either in support of, or by vehemently disagreeing with, the controversial politicians, political pundits and journalists, and will express these outlooks in the polls come election time. One tool which the media can use to project an image of a polarized country is by utilising state boundaries to show the success of the different parties in nationwide elections.The ruby-red state/ blue state maps are now a fixture of the news coverage as election results flood in, but it is provoke to note that as recent ly as 1984 Democratic victories were shown in red and Republican in blue. It is overly curious that red, long the colour of Marxism, of Red China and Communist USSR (Patton, 2004). The only relevance of these points is to show that the plain deep rooted polarized political situation is both modern and subject to quite sudden change. The red/ blue map shown in Figure one shows how modern Polarisation has manifested itself over the last iv elections.The dark red and blue show that those states control voted Republican or democratic respectively all four times. Lighter shades show that party has won all but once, while purple shows states which have gone to the Republicans and Democrats twice each. On first glance this seems to back up the polarization theory, as Fiorina and Adams put it when the 2004 election almost reproduced the 2000 map, belief in the polarization narrative peaked as societal conservatives gloated most the purported importance of values voters for the re-ele ction of Pre grimacent Bush, and liberal commentators bitterly accepted that interpretation. (2008, 564, 565)However when one examines the map in figure 2 which breaks down the 2008 election by county, rather than state. This map seems to throw an interesting side note onto the red state/ blue state theory. While there is seldom a all told red or blue dominated state, in terms of area covered on the map, there is far more covered by republican red. The fact that the democrats won the election with so much less area covered shows that the blue areas are high in population denstity- cities and large towns. quite an than Republican south versus Democratic coasts, Figure 2 indicates a division between Rural Republican and Urban Democrat areas.Fig. 1 Fig. 2 There are other problems with the above quote, which Fiorina and Abrams do draw attention to. For instance the assumed intrinsic connections common to the value voters are not as beefed-up as they may seem. For instance Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry managed to pull one ternary of white evangelicals, and one third of gun owners (Fiorina and Abrams, 2008, 568). These are two criterion of the stereotypical conservative Bible-Belt citizen, and the media would have us believe that almost every single one would have supported the incumbent George W.Bush. This magnification is typical of the American medias attempt to depict American politics as more polarized than it is. Haley Barbour, governor of disseminated multiple sclerosis and former chairman of the republican party here how he takes political news (in this case the pessimism about the future of the Republican party after the election of Barack Obama in 2008) with a pinch of salt In politics, things are never as good as they seem (in the media) and theyre never as bad as they seem (Darman, 2010)If there is such polarization in the USA, such defined political cleavages, why then is every election so tightly contested, which Barone calls The 4 9 Percent Nation (Kaus, 2004)? Surely if the nation was garbled along regional, urban/ rural, religious or ideological divides, then surely one group would be able to dominate the other, at least periodically, and one party would enjoy longer periods in office. In the past two decades no Presidential candidate has acheived more than 54% of the popular vote. Barbour implies that the greatest reason the democrats won the 2008 election is because it was simply their turn (Darman, 2010).Mickey Kaus of political comment website Slate Magazine, attributes this seemingly strange transcend of results to the Median Voter Theory, also known as the Black Theorem (Black, 1948). Kaus explains that the ideological positions of the Republican and Democratic parties are not fixed, they do not remain where the lines in figure 3 show, rather they will be given towards the point upon the scale which will guarantee the greatest support. Because of this, in both the upper and lower charts (ie carel ess(predicate) of whether the voting public is polarized or not) both the main parties would lie more or less in the centre of the graph.The non proportional representation, two party electoral system reinforces this, as if their were many parties competing seriously it would hold for minority parties which could take up more extreme left or right points on the scale. Figure. 3- the perpendicular lines represent where ideology-driven liberal and conservative parties would be fixed upon the scale. The other line in each graph shows the how the voters are distributed along the political spectrum. In conclusion, there is significant evidence to show that a period of polarization has been occuring in the politics of the United States of America since approximately the mid 1990s.There are a infinite of reasons which could be applied, too many to be mentioned here, for example Hetherington mentions that Presidential approval ratings and poor economic carrying into action can often lea d to polarization. The greatest factor however, to stretch the US electorates homogeneity is the bias of the elites and the mass media. Arguably this could be seen as a give-and-take progression, with the elites emerging from the mass to elevated positions from which they may influence the mass, and the media reacting to the mass in order to produce a marketable service.Furthermore it is important to note that although the USA does outlast in a somewhat polarized state, the extent of that polarization is not as clearcut as sections of the media would have one believe. The US is not simply a nation off older gun toting, gay hating, anti abortion Republicans and younger coastal, ethnically diverse gay loving pro-choice socialist Democrats. Perhaps a more apt description would be as a nation of centralist influenced by a small amount of more extreme outliers of liberal and conservative persuasion.Bibliography Political Polarization in the American Public, Fiorina, Morris and Abrams, Samuel, 2008, Stanford Resurgent Mass Partisanship The Role of Elite Polarization, Hetherington, Marc, 2001, American Political Science Review The Fox News Effect Media Bias and Voting, DellaVigna, Stefano and Kaplan, Ethan, 2007, Harvard On the Rationale of Group Decision Making, Black, Duncan, 1948, Chicago The Anti-Obama,Darman, Jonathan, 2010, Newsweek Fight Club, Thomas, Evan and Taylor Jr, Stuart, 2010, Newsweek

Sunday, May 19, 2019

The experiences of family members who provide care for their relatives with Alzheimerâۉ„¢s disease

Taking conduct of an elderly relative can be kind of challenging. When this relative is diagnosed with a terminal condition, with no known opportunity for retrieval supererogatory challenges are added. Alzheimers illness is a debilitating condition which paralyzes the long-sufferings qualification to function normally and thus require personal give care from both a nursing original or an at- rest home care provider in the form of a family member.Since the survival rate with the disease could go past to as very much as 15 to 20 years (Coen et al. , 1999), caring for an AD patient is a long-term commitment. The experiences encountered by these caregivers must be quite unique and would of course vary among families. It is useful hence to discover some of the comm unless challenges faced by caregivers in request to obtain a fall apart understanding of the issue and to develop appropriate strategies to address the issues.2. 0 Literature Review Alzheimers disease (AD) is th e nigh common form of dementia among older people (Coen, OBoyle, Swanwick & Coakley, 1999).Dementia is a slow-onset neurodegenerative disorder marked by a severe decline of cognitive abilities (Ward, 2007) with obvious effects on daily life, almostly memory, which mischievously affects a persons ability to carry out daily activities. AD begins slowly. It first involves the parts of the brain that correspond thought, memory and language. People with AD may have trouble remembering things that happened recently or name calling of people they know.According to Carradice, Beail & Shankland (2003) this disease is more common among those persons older than eighty years. Given that in that location is a far-famed increase in life expectancy where more and more persons are living longer it is quite understandable that the incidents of dementia are also increasing (Zarit & Edwards, 1996). The prognosis for elderly patients with AD is quite dismal. piece there are treatment options ava ilable that may improve some of the behavioural and cognitive ruin effectives of the disease.No treatment current exists that bequeath halt the progression of the disease of lead to full recovery (Mittelman, 2002). In order to ensure that the condition is controlled as far as possible and that AD patients are sound cared for long-term care options have to be sought. While there are countless long-term care institutions, many with qualified nursing and other medical personnel to cater to the needs of the AD patient, most AD patients are given this long-term care within the domestic situation, primarily by family members (Coen et al., 1999). question indicates that family members are the ones who are more often than non responsible for providing care for their relatives with Alzheimers disease (Mittelman, 2002 Tettelman & Watts, 2004 and Caregiving & Alzheimers Disease, 2004). In fact health professions usually feel it best that the elderly continue living at home for as long as possible (Teeri, Leino-Kilpi & Valimaki, 2006), and the elderly themselves also desire to be home (Aggarwal, 2003).Additionally police detectives have often criticized institutions on the basis that often many elderly are registered in these institutions against their wishes and are also often unhappy in these non-private situations (Teeri et al. , 2006). However for those relatives who opt to provide care for AD patients there are hefty day to day strains and difficulties that they face. The financial burden is one of the most apparent. Grahm (2001) highlights that the costs of taking care of an elderly relative are very overwhelming, particularly one who has suffered a stroke or who has AD.Statistics suggest that the usual cost of taking care of an elderly relative ranges between $148 and $158 billion dollars (Caregiving & Alzheimers, 2004). closely look has, however, discovered that the greatest challenges for at home caregivers to elderly AD patients is non so much the fi nancial burden, but the psychosocial and emotional difficulties faced by these caregivers. Thus considerable attention has been paid non only to the dismal prognosis of those suffering from the disease but also those who have to provide at-home care for Alzheimers patients.Various researchers have attempted to isolate the heterogeneous challenges faced by caregivers of AD patients. Grahm (2001) contends that the pressures faced by caregivers are of both an emotional and physical nature. Gwyther (as cited in Caregiving & Alzheimers Disease, 2004) mentions chronic stress and decrease health as one of the ill effects of caring for the elderly. Tettleman and Watts (2004) also allude to stress in additional to mental strain as issues of concern faced by these caregivers.Anxiety (Caregiving & Alzheimers Disease, 2004), fatigue and depression (Mittelman, 2002) and mental distress (Carradice et al. , 2003) are other issues commonly noted in the literature. The preoccupation of researcher s examining this disease is, therefore, not only on the debilitating effects that it has on the patient but also the demands that are placed on caregivers who are required to take care of these patients. Evidently caring for a loved one with Alzheimers disease at home is not without its challenges as significant strains are put on the caregivers.Each individualist situation where a family member is responsible for taking care of a relative with Alzheimers disease comes with its own challenges and it is very difficult to generalize particularally about the experiences of these caregivers. This study will seek to key and categorize some of the more common experiences shared by them. This research will be of considerable importance to medical practitioners who have to interact with patients and their families as well as to the individual family members/caregivers.The findings from this research will be useful to current caregivers in helping them realize that other persons face the same challenges as they do and therefore a network of caregivers facing similar problems could be formed where they formulate strategies to mint candy with problems together. Medical professional would also have this information and could share this with new caregivers that enter their offices in order to prepare them for the challenges ahead. 3. 0 Research design and justificationConsiderable research has been conducted on the problems associated with Alzheimers and challenges that have been associated with caring for a patient with Alzheimers disease. Previous research has highlighted the challenges faced by caregivers of ill relative but not much research has focused specifically on the condition of Alzheimers disease (Teeri et al. , 2006). Where research was specific to Alzheimers disease, the focus on caregivers was not specific to family members providing this kind of care, but generalized on the various categories of caregivers including compensated professionals (Ellor, 200 5 Teeri et al., 2006). Further, research has failed to classify the problems faced by these family caregivers and place them into meaningful categories (Mittelman, 2002 Caregiving & Alzheimers Disease, 2004). This will be a qualitative study explaining the common experiences of family members who are caring for elderly relatives at home. Where other researchers were not specific to Alzheimers disease this research will be exclusive to this category of caregivers. The experiences of a cross section of such caregivers will be compared and analyzed for common themes.Unlike previous researchers this study will conduct a comprehensive categorization of the most common experiences based on the information garnered from the caregivers. The information gathering creature will be primarily oppugns. The use of interviews to gather information has long been lauded by researchers. Interviews may either be structured where the researcher directs the line of the conversation with specific quest ions requiring direct responses. Unstructured interviews allow the researcher to approach the interviewee with a general objective and allowing the conversation to flow in whatever direction it will.Both of these interview tactics have their benefits. The first forces the respondent to focus specifically on the information that is required for the purposes of the research. The second base type allows the research to gather a vast amount of information, even information that was unanticipated when the research was being prepared. For the purposes of this research the unstructured interview would be quite useful as the research does not wish to restrict the extent of the responses given by the interviewees.This research will therefore add to the wealthiness of knowledge about the nature of Alzheimers disease and the direct and indirect effects it has on patient and family. This research will also help to improve understanding of the role that caregivers fulfil and the challenges the y face in dealing with ill and elderly relatives, specifically those who have Alzheimers disease. Respondents will not be certified in the type of responses they produce thereby allowing the researcher to get a comprehensive and true run across of the real lived situation of caring for an AD patient.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods

Research Proposal Consumer Attitudes and buy Intentions in Relation to Organic nutriments in Peninsula Malaysia Abstr knead The aim of this ascertain is to find step forward the three (3) evidentiary variables forming the positive attitude towards the purchase the entire fertilizer nourishment in Peninsula Malaysia, which crimsontu solelyy lead to the ultimate conception in spoiling the totalally-produced solid nutriment. The antithetic variables atomic number 18 focused on demographic characteristics on planetary house income, proceeds attributes and lastly the perceived think of to the guests.This study shows that the household income is app arently appeared to be an important soothsayer among the targeted section in devour ingrained forage. Organic nourishment attributes such as pricing, availableness and purlieually friendship of such total diet may influence consumer purchase decision. Lastly, the perceived value from the customers towards nat ural fertiliser nutrition on its health numbers, sensational appeal, nutrition-worth and belief of perceived benefits, a lot play an important role in cultivating the intention towards get natural victuals.Introduction and Background of the Study Over the last two decades, in that respect has been a remarkable increase in demand for positive-produced diet or mathematical results. Organic solid forage is a great deal seen and marketed as health-conscious provender which contains fewer contaminants, much nutrients and most importantly having a positive effect on the environment. It is known that some of these attributes are difficult to quantify, with the contrary that some of seeker has proved that they may score such potential harm during the innate production.The thorough market back in 80s, charm remaining a niche sector, has grown to be able to grab a share from the extreme spending on solid food in some countries in the recent years. Organic fruit and ve getables are amongst the products which aim been expanding in the rapid production. The demand for ingrainedally-produced meat and dairy products has underg wholeness the same rapid progress, with a jibe increase in the need for thoroughgoingally grown forage and feed crops. This has led to a libertine growth in consumer demand whereby the constitutional food sales ca-ca managed to gain a portentous market share in the conventional food industry.The market for organically produced crops and commodities has become much(prenominal) structured, expression at the increased number of countries which break adopted uniform standards for organic food production. The standardization has to a fault applied in the organic certification and labelling. While both the production and the merchandising of the organic purification of temperate crops have developed, there is a trend to be seen whereby the developing countrys farmers are actively involved in the organic farming.Problem St atement and Importance of the Research Organic factory farm industry, no doubt, has offers most of the developing countries a wide range of economic, environment, social and cultural benefits. Certifies organic products have now been growing fast and in the mist of entering the global market. Malaysia, on the opposite hand, is dormant in the starting spark-point in adapting the organic-food consumption while the developed countries such as North the States and Europe have already gained the biggest market share in this newest industry.Due to expanding markets and attractive price bountys, Malaysia should catch up with and invest in organically-produced food, taking into consideration of various signifi give the axet variables which may form the consumer behaviour towards organic food. We would like to highlight that the ultimate goal of this study is to understand consumers motivations behind organic food products purchases in order to enable organic producers to develop a muc h effective strategic marketing plan.The results could be used for the marketing planning of organic food products to enable proper marketing strategies, a proper sales channel and promotion to be targeted to these assemblages of consumers. Research Questions The present study aims to answer the following(a) questions What are demographic characteristics of organic food buyers? How do demographic characteristics affect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? How product attributes effect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? How consumer perceived value influence consumer attitudes towards organic foods? What is the relationship between consumers attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to purchase? How raft results of the study be applied by managers and marketers? Research Objectives Regarding to the significance of the growing market of organic foods in the world, and to the previous studies on consumer attitudes towards organic foods and its effects on purchase intentions in several countries (e. g. Taiwan, Thailand, get together Kingdom, United States and Denmark) we intend to carry protrude such similar studies in Peninsula Malaysia with objectives as the following To report the descriptive analysis on the organic buyers demographic characteristics To identify the effects of demographic characteristics (specifically aim of households income) on consumer attitudes towards organic foods To determine effects of product attributes on consumer attitudes towards organic foods To investigate the relation of consumer perceived values to consumer attitudes towards organic foods To determine the relationship between consumers attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to purchase To clarify implications for managers and marketers Literature ReviewDemographics Based on findings from previous research, demographic characteristics were evaluated as matchless of the major predictors in gaining intention to purchase the orga nic food in Peninsula Malaysia. According to Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), the demographic of consumers consist of various characteristics namely the gender, age, household income and education take. for each integrity element has been contributed in forming the valued attitudes towards buying the organic products. Hence, the demographic characteristics, especially on household income is seemingly significant and being the focus in this research.This entrust eventually lead to the desired intention in buying such products for daily consumption. Level of Household Income Whilst referring to the studies done in the US, it is seemingly apparent that the demographic variables which herby refer as the income distribution, is significant predictors (Bartels & Reinders, 2009). The research on this pcticular subject has proven that income positively influenced buying behaviour which in turn may cause the perceived buying behaviour towards the organic food. A same result has shown in Germ whatever as well (Bartels & Reinders, 2009).In Germany, demographic variables such as household income distribution have played an important role in developing significant effect on organic buying behaviour. However, the overall inevitability of the demographic characteristics was relatively different, taking into consideration of research carried in various Western countries. These findings verify the results of earlier studies by Clark & Goldsmith (2006) and Im et al. (2003) proven that the intellectual practice on using the demographic characteristics such as household income distribution and domain specific innovativeness provide be seen as strategic tools for market segmentation.In the Western countries, research has identified that the demand and ordainingness in use of goods and services on organic goods often affiliated closely with various socioeconomic and demographic variables (Wier et al. , 2008). In addition, Menghi (1997) frame that the majority households wi th middle and higher income levels showed a greater tendency in purchase and consuming organic foods. However, it is shown that almost all of these studies are based upon hypothesizingd future behaviour rather than spy behaviour in both Denmark and UK.Hence, studies have been carried out by researchers to further invent on the influences of demographic characteristics especially in household income in guiding the intention of buying the organic goods. Through the research it is revealed that higher available household income (approximated by total food expenditure) will lead to higher positive intention in buying the organic food. Consumers with a lower household income alongside with lower level of education are demonstrate to be least likely to have heard of organic agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et al. , 2008).On a contrary, those who have a higher income and hold an academic degree are more likely to be the target segmentation in purchasing organic products (Roitner-Sch obesberger et al. , 2008). It is likewise mentioned that the correlation between the household income level is very much linked to the level of education as well. As mentioned by Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), mean purchases of sustainably produced foods did not differ for demographic characteristics such as household annual income educational attainment. Through the research carried out by Ross NJ. et al. 2000), they have suggested that consumers with a higher earning incomes were more likely to have purchased locally produced food, chiefly focus on the organic consumption by various segmentations. Their research and findings were supported earlier by Govindasamy R. and Italia J. (1998) whereby the same results applied. Groups with a higher household income tend to have purchased foods produced with reduced pesticides. In UK particularly, social group is employed as an indicator of income brackets (Wier et al. , 2008). Research has revealed that the tendency in urchase the org anic goods seem to increase in accordance to the given social status. However, the highest organic budget shares are observed for middle class households whilst shares in the upper middle class being in fact lower. Quite captivatingly, a similar phenomenon is observed to be happened in Denmark as well. Organic provender Attributes Organic food attributes influence consumer buying decision. some(prenominal) empirical studies have been performed on customer cognitions of organic food attributes and how they formed the consumer attitudes towards food.In the present research, among different product attributes, we have selected price of organic food, environmentally friendliness of organic food and organic food availability. Price of Organic nourishment Organic foods are often of a price premium higher up conventional products. According to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Thailand the price difference between organic and non-labeled conventional vegetables in Bangkok varied between 50 percent and 170 percent and in some cases even 400 percent.However, in some countries such as Finland there were not significant premium prices for organic foods (Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005). As Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) pointed out that despite the price difference of organic and non-organic food, nearly 60% of the organic buyers said that the price of organic products was not a problem. In addition, non-organic buyers ranked some former(a) items as a reason of not purchasing organic food rather than higher prices.Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) produceed that while speed of light percent of state would prefer organic to conventional products with the assumption of similar price, this percentages dropped by only 20 percent when the same question was posed regardless the higher price of organic food. In other(a) words, higher price is an important obstacle for a limited percentage of consumers. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) found out that in Bang kok men were more likely to purchase organic foods than women and think that it might be due to the reason of men being willing to establish a higher price premium for organic products than women. in addition, a study in Klang Valey, Malaysia showed that women werre more likely than men to agree that they would purchase more organic foods if they were less expensive (Ahmed, 2010). Additionally, heavy users were on average stage whereby they are willing to pay higher price premiums than medium and light users (Wier et. al, 2008). Environmentally friendliness of organic food Consumers are get more conscious and concerned with the consumption of chemical substance used in farming and preserving environment is becoming a strong attitude among consumers.According to Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005), subjective norms effect on attitudes has been mainly found in behaviors, that involved some kind of ethical decision, and also buying organic food can be seen as ethical decision reflecting environmental concern. In addition, perceived quality is associated with environmentally favorable practices (Ness et. al, 2009). The perception of organic food products as environmentally friendly was a common intuition and has been examined in several studies (Ahmed, 2010 Honkanen et. al, 2006).It is believed that when the consumers have more concern well-nigh their health and environmental protection, they will be more likely to have a positive attitude to organic foods (Ness et. al, 2010). Honkanen et. al (2006) found that ecologically lie consumers were more likely to form intentions to purchase and consume organic food. In other words, the more people are concerned nearly environment, the more positive attitude they have towards organic food. Organic Food Availability Lack of organic food availability and variety in store is considered as one of the barriers to consumer purchase.Fresh vegetables (which include fresh herbs) were considered the most widely available organic p roduct group rather than other organic foods (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) stated that limited availability was the main factor that hinders organic purchasing. Although according to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008), in Thailand, majority of organic buyers were satisfied with availability of organic products. Most of them reported that they would like to buy more organic products, especially a wider range of vegetables. Value to the CustomerIn every product that consumer purchased and used, they in turn are expecting value from it. Value can be defined as a benefit that consumer is receiving by using a product. Benefits here mean sensory appeal of the product, taste, fun, freshness, quality and good health of the products. These are some main reasons that encouraged consumer to purchase the organic food. The value may vary from one consumer to another however there will definitely be one value that effect the buying attitude which motiva te the buying intention of consumers. Health Effect of Organic FoodSeveral perceptions contributed to health attribute include the reason of being good for health, good for children, not containing pesticides, high in fiber, indispensable and nutritious and safer to eat (Roitner-Schobesberger, et. al, 2008 Saher et. al 2006 Lockie et. al, 2002 Ness et. al, 2009). The perceived potential hazards of modern agricultural practices such as the use of pesticides and their residues in food were perceived to be associated with long term and unknown effects on health (Miles and Frewer, 2001Wilkins & Hillers, 1994 Williams & Hammit, 2001).Saher et. al (2006) revealed that there is very little scientific support for the common beliefs that organic food would be more healthy or nutritious than regular foods, but the belief that they have these properties cadaver quite strong in consumers mindset. The claim is debatable whether marketers can use the health claim for marketing purposes because most of the research concluded that there was no evidence that organic food was healthier or more nutritious than conventional food (Honkanen et. al, 2006).However, most studies in this area suggested that consumers perception of organic food as a healthy nutrition is one the most significant motives for buyers. Lockie et al. (2002) pointed out that health was the one aspect consumers are least willing to compromise. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Bangkok, Thailand, examined the motives behind organic food purchase and pointed out that the most important motive was the expected positive health effects. Similarly in Malaysia, organic buyers believed that organic food was healthier compared to conventional grown food (Ahmed, 2010).In Thailand, the health aspect was closely associated with the residues from synthetic chemicals used in agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). In fact, organic products often have a lower level of pesticide residues (Baker et al. , 2002) . Lockie et. al (2002) revealed that although price was an important factor, organic consumers consider health has appeared as a more significant factor for purchasing organic food in Australia. These organic food consumers also believed that industrial methods of food processing constitute a threat to customers health.another(prenominal) research by Schifferstein & Oude Ophuis (1997) illustrated that well-being was rated among all other motives by organic food buyers. On the other hand, Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) by examining specific organic products (bread and flour) claimed that health consciousness did not explained the general attitudes towards organic food, although they believed this results might be different by examining different organic products. Sensory Appeals Sensory appeals of organic food are part of the factors that provides value to customer.Sensory appeals include the taste, odor and also the texture of the organic product (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sometimes sensory appeals of the organic food need to be combined with the non-sensory factors such as organic food tie in expectations to create a value to customer which will affect their attitude towards buying organic food (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sensory factors are also influenced by cultures and background of consumers. For example, consumers from Western countries eat less spicy food compared to those from Asia.Spicy organic food might produce high value to consumers in Asian countries compared to Western. native cues or sensory appeal that are associated with physical characteristics of the product such as taste, size, color, appearance, smell, feel and serrated wrack were commonly used as indicators of quality on the organic food (Schifferstein et. al,1997). Quality is also value that consumers experiencing by consuming an organic food. Better sensory appeal of organic food will stage a better quality which will influence the attitude of purchasing an organic food and later(pre nominal) increase the intention of buying the organic food.One of the most prominent sensory appeals that yield more value to consumer is taste. According to Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008), taste was the third important motives that consumers purchase organic food (Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al, 2008). Others studies also emphasized that many organic food buyers believed that organic food products taste better than conventional food even if sensory evaluations have yielded inconsistent results (Fillion and Arazi,2002 McEachern and McClean,2002 Zhao et al. ,2007). Perceived ValueOne of the studies dribbleed in eight countries concluded that individual attitudes towards buying organic food are primarily based on the belief about the benefits (Thogersen, 2000). Benefits or value to consumers such as healthy, taste better and environment friendly supersede all the other factors such as belief about the cost. The same proven in one of the study conducted in Klang Valley. Most of the respondents reported that they choose to buy organic food products because they perceived organic food as very healthy, fresher and natural (Bayaah Ahmad et. ll, 2010). As such, value of organic food towards customers effect their attitudes towards buying which will motivates their intention of purchasing the organic product. Consumers also value organic food as nutritionary food since it is produced using traditional method whereby the original nutrition from the food is preserved. viands belief was one of the reasons that made people appeared to have different food styles and often express themselves as having food venturesomeness or pickiness (Chen, 2007).Organic food adds value to consumers who has such belief and it will influence their intention of consuming it by affecting the buying behavior. Besides, Chen (2007) points out that an individuals in-person interests or traits act a part in establishing personal food prime(prenominal) criteria by the values held by the individual. These values comprise nutrition beliefs, weight control concerns, and so on. For instance, people seem to have different food-styles and often express themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness.Another important motive to purchase organic food as reported by Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008) is the consumers search for new, trendy and attractive food products. Attitudes towards Organic food and Intention to purchase Basically, consumer attitudes are found to be the most important predictor of intention to buy (Honkanen et. al, 2006). Several studies have found that higher perceived product quality leads to more positive re-purchase intentions (Bou-Llusar et. al, 2001 Hult, & Kandemir 2004 Tarkiainen & Sundqvist, 2005).Chen (7007) highlighted that if the consumers attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumers attitude to purchase organic food will be more likely to be positive. This is also consistent with another study performed by Honkanen e t. al (2006) indicating that relation between attitude and intention is positive and quite strong, indicating that consumers with positive attitudes towards consumption of organic food are more likely to form intentions to consume such food, therefore converting positive attitudes to intentions. methodological analysis Theoretical Research Framework pic Figure1.Theoretical Research Framework supposition Development Hypothesis 1 There is a relationship between demographic characteristics of consumers and their attitudes towards organic foods. Hypothesis 2 There is a relationship between organic food attributes and consumers attitudes towards the organic food. Hypothesis 3 There is a positive relationship between values of organic food to customer with attitudes towards buying organic foods. Hypothesis 4 When the consumers attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumers intentions to purchase organic foods will be more likely to be positive. Research DesignThe questionnaire s are only designed in English since the respondents are assumed to be relatively high educated they will be able to answer the questions without any difficulties. Furthermore it will help to keep the original meaning and understanding that respondents perceived to have towards the questions. Types of questions in questionnaires are mostly closed ended question and only two open ended question. This will only consume little time for the respondent to complete the questionnaire which will encourage them to participate in this study. There are three main categories in the prepared questionnaires.The questions in the first category are more towards understanding demographic details of the respondent such as on the age, income level, ethnicity, religion and educational level. This is useful to confirm the background of the organic food consumers. There are also questions on the product attributes which the respondents are asked to identify what are the main attributes that attract the p urchase and also to determine whether this factor have a positive effect towards consumer attitude on organic food. Last part in the questionnaires is designed to understand the value of organic food to customers.All these questions are to test four hypotheses of this study. Data appealingness The target people consists of organic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. In order to carry out the sampling Peninsula Malaysia is divided in to 3 major parts namely Northern, Central and Southern region. Northern region will be represented by Penang, Central region will be Klang Valley and Southern region of Peninsula Malaysia is represented by Johor Bahru. These three areas are chosen based on the economic development and availability of the organic products.From each region shop complexes and supermarkets that provide organic products are identified. By using haphazard sampling, three shopping complexes and supermarkets in urban areas are selected. Since target respondent with higher ed ucational level and purchasing power are scattered around these urban areas, these will be perfect places to conduct this research. Those three supermarkets and shopping complexes are ensured to be far from each other so that the collected samples will be more accurate in representing the population in each region.Total sample size comprises of 540 individual respondents is collected using convenience sampling and respondents will be approached randomly. Since this study is conducted in broad scale, convenient sampling will be more cost effective compared to other types of sampling. Furthermore conducting other types of sampling will be time consuming and the accuracy of the collected samples to represent the actual population will be questionable. In order to collect the information, 60 self-administered consumer questionnaire surveys are distributed in each shopping complexes which will result in 180 uestionnaires from each region. Considering the validity of the information, w e are expecting a total of about 500 questionnaires to be usable in the later part of data analysis. Although there is no modality of knowing if those included are representative of the overall population, the survey is still expected to give a first overview of relevant issues and to allow to derive insights into the perception of organic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. Data compendium After data is collected, data will be redact and coded. Editing data is very subjective part of data analysis especially when researches involve open ended questions.Editing is done straight off after data is collected so that the respondent can be contacted if any clarification needed. The edited data are identified through usage of different fond and colors. Coding is done onwards data processing is conducted. Since most of the data collected involve ordinal scale, coding becomes prudent. By doing this data accurately keyed in and avoid wrong interpretation of data. Base on the three secti ons in the questionnaire, data is also coded in three main groups. Data processing is done using a software program called SPSS version 17.First of all the edited and coded data is checked and scanned through. Wrongly entered and coded data will be identified using the software through methods like identification of the maximum value. determine like variance, standard deviation, mean and range are used to understand the effectiveness of the questions asked in the questionnaire and how respondents reacted to the questions. The dependability and validity test is done to check the credibility of the data. The reliability test also conducted to test the relationship of the variables through the reliability coefficient.Validity test is done to assess all three factorial validity, confluent validity and also discriminant validity. References Ahmed, S. N. 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