Angels in America Essay Essay

Tony Kushners play, Angels In America, explores the trials of the travel of human life by the development of his characters through come on the play. When Rabbi Chemelwitz says vast Voyages is this world do not any more exist. (Millennium 16) he speaks completely the partial truth. It is true that none of the characters at the funeral can touch on the resembling kind of trip Sarah Ironson made, the pilgrimage from her home to a foreign convey across the Atlantic. However, the navigate to America Sarah took and the various struggles the characters face have many fits.Instead of the physical trials of Sarahs huge voyage, they are faced with as as difficult ablaze problems that cause them to make certain choices in the swell voyage of their lives. Every character faces some psychological journey throughout the play that takes them to new places emotionally, physically, and spiritually. The best example of all trio of these journeys is introductorys development through t he play. introductorys groovy voyage is the close to obvious and widely explained of any of the characters in the play.We prototypal meet preceding at what he knows is a turning headspring in his life weighty Louis he has AIDS. He says K. S. baby. Lesion number one. (27) telling Louis he is going to die. This is clearly an immensely difficult decision or Prior because he then goes on to say how afraid he is that Louis will leave him. This is the first real step in Priors great voyage. Everything else that happens to Prior is a result of this one act. The most immediate and drastic change brought astir(predicate) by this decision is that Louis confirms Priors fears and leaves him.After Louis leaves, Prior is thrown into a deep resign of depression. His emotional struggle at this point is a perfect parallel for the initial mischances suffered by immigrants immediately after they leave home. In both(prenominal) cases, their lives are drastically changed by some decision wh ich leads to some take form of hardship. For the immigrant, it is the physical hardship of adjusting to life at sea and the emotional hardship of losing their home. For Prior, it is the physical hardship of his own body betraying him due to his AIDS and the emotional shock of needing to live without having Louis as a part of his life.The point where we genuinely work out Priors voyage is in Perestroika when he climbs the hunt down to heaven. The voyage to heaven and back is Priors physical great voyage in the play. Everything else has lead up to this culmination of his journey. Prior simply still. Still. Bless me any expressive style. I emergency more life. I cant help myself. I do. Ive lived through such terrible times, and thither are people who live through much worse, but You butt against them living anyway. When theyre more spirit than body, more sores than skin, when theyre ruin and in agony, when flies lay eggs in the corners of the eyes f their children, they live.(P erestroika 267) When Prior says this, it shows that even though he recognizes that his life is awful, and life in general can be awful, he wants to go on living. musical composition it may seem contradictory, it shuttings up working out for him in the end when he and Louis make up in the epilogue, or final chapter of Priors great voyage. Prior manages to reverse all of the bad round him, except for the AIDS, and even that he is able to beat with his wish for more life. Harpers great voyage is also another voyage in which the character taking it changes completely.She starts the play as a abject drug addled housewife, unable to even really take bursting charge of herself. This is shown in her introduction to the play. She is portrayed as a semi-mad woman who dialogue to her hallucinations more than actual people. Harper even realizes this is wrong when she says Weird obstruct happens like you, for instance. (Millennium 23) She realizes something is clearly wrong yet does noth ing about it. As the play progresses though, she gains more confidence in herself and ultimately confronts Joe about his homosexuality. She comes out and directly asks him, Are you a homo? (43) after her hallucination with Prior. This is a huge step for her because she has always had her suspicions about Joe but has never confronted him about it before. Now however, she begins to change. She gains confidence and winds up leaving Joe. It is at this point when she takes a journey with Mr. Lies to turn out to get away from her life in pertly York. Unfortunately, the hallucinations are sole(prenominal) a temporary distraction as first, Joe finds his way into them and second, she eventually comes back to her senses and is arrested for burning a tree in aboriginal Park.Finally, at the end of her great voyage, she gains enough self-confidence and assurance to make a physical voyage all the way out to San Francisco. A third character who goes on a great voyage through the play is Louis . He originally starts out unable to deal with the macrocosm of Prior having AIDS so he leaves him. However, although he left Prior, he feels truly guilty and awful about it so tries to cover it up. He first tries to bury it by not focusing on it. This is shown by his entire speech at Belize.He doesnt really want to talk about politics and racism in America, it is his way of lintel with the soul-eating guilt that is killing him. He later tries to bury it through sex, postponement going. Infect me. I dont care. I dont care. (63) He says this to a random stranger indicating that he feels so guilty, he would rather catch AIDS and die than live with his guilt. He doesnt stop after this though. He says I have to find a way to save myself. (85) indicating that although Prior is the one with AIDS, he is still only worried about himself.Finally, he continues his downward spiral with Joe. He says lets stop talking. Or if you have to talk, talk dirty. This show that he is really not worr ied in the slightest about Prior at this point and is still only worried about himself. Eventually though, he start to miss Prior, shown when he tells Joe I just need to see him again. He has the realization that he has greatly wronged Prior and goes back to try and make amends. However, Prior refuses to take him back and although they are no longitudinal lovers, he and Prior are at least back to friends in the epilogue.Louis great voyage is an emotional roller coaster in which he eventually does the right thing and makes up with Prior. All of these characters go through great voyages over the course of the play. They change emotionally, physically and psychologically due to them. magic spell Rabbi Chemelwitz may have been technically right when he said they could not go on a great voyage because they are already in America, he is speaking the literal truth. However, the play does not truly bear this out as every character undergoes some wakeless change after going through what can only be described as a great voyage.

Water Diuresis in Man Practical Report Essay

INTRODUCTIONThe body needs to maintain equilibrium to break away properly in everyday life. The most important substance it mustiness regulate is irrigate water supply is everywhere in our body and its correspondence is essential for proper body function. A very carefully modulate process is solute concentration. If there is a sudden adjoin in water which enters the extracellular fluid, atomic number 11 ions will then contribute less to the extracellular solute concentration as the ratio in the midst of water and solute has now changed. Osmolality is the center of solute in a kilogram, thusly the osmolality in the extracellular space has in like manner decrease. Water diuresis is the increase in urinary water excreted with little or no change in the solute excretion.Excess water needs to be excreted to maintain a good balance of water and solute inside the body. The blueprint of this practical is to test the effects of strenuous exercise and desmopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) on pissing flow and weewee atomic number 11 concentration. We will be testing the hypotheses that quick exercise will decrease water flow and increase water supply sodium concentration, whereas desmopressin will sire the opposite effect of decreased piddle flow and increase sodium concentration. call the affiliate data (refer to the sequester figures in your discussion). (a) What happens to the rate of urine production (i.e. urine flow) for the three procedures (i.e. tell, desmopressin and exercise)? Use your knowledge of statistics to evaluate the evidence that the answers after(prenominal) the treatments (i.e. desmopressin and exercise) differed from that in the promise capables. apologize the following (including the underlying mechanisms) i. why there is a delay in the onset of the diuresis after water payload in the bidding subject (A) ii. the effects of administered desmopressin on the diuresis (subject B) iii. the mechanisms by which a single sessi on of alert exercise affects the diuresis produced by the water load (subject C).After drinking water, the control and test subjects had gradual increase of urine flow, reaching a tiptop then decreasing again, whereas the desmopressin subject had decreased urine flow after taking the hormone, thereafter plateauing. According to the Dunnetts t test amidst the urine flow of the subjects, the urine flow of the treatment subjects was importantly assorted to that of the control. in that respect is a delay in the onset of diuresis after loading in the control subject as it takes time for the water to be filtered in the body. Water is absorbed from the gut into the extracellular fluid. Osmoreceptors from the posterior hypophysis detect the water through cell stretch and initiate responses that control vasopressin secretion (Widmaier et al., 2014).Fluids are filtered through the kidneys and the excess water is transported to the vesica where it will then be excreted. Desmopressin dec reases the urine intensity level excreted. Desmopressin is a synthetic substitutefor anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. Due to increased water reabsorption, diuresis (urine volume) is decreased. A single session of vigorous exercise shrewdly decreases the urine flow and hence, diuresis. During exercise, you lose sodium and water by pass so the kidney works to reabsorb the water so you are not dried-out. This results in more concentrated urine.(b) If a control subject was dehydrated at the beginning of the practical class, how would you expect this to affect their response to the water load? They would retain some of the water and hence would have decreased urine excretion compared to someone who is well hydrated.(c) What effect does alcohol have on water diuresis? What is the mechanism of the action of alcohol on a water diuresis? Alcohol inhibits the pituitary secretion of ADH, which acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. Because ADH levels drop, the kidneys do not reabsorb as much water and hence produce more urine, causing increased water diuresis.(d) Use the class graphs and statistical analysis of the urine sodium concentration to determine if this is diverse for the control and desmopressin subjects. Do you think there a relationship between urine flow and the urine sodium concentration? According to the statistical analysis, the difference between the control and desmopressin subjects for sodium urine concentration were signifi squirttly different. Looking at the class graphs, this is also true the graph determine vary significantly. There seems to be an inverse relationship between urine flow and urine sodium concentration. When the urine flow is high, the urine sodium concentration is relatively low and vice versa.(e) Use the class graphs and statistical analysis of the sodium excretion rate to determine if this is different for the control and desmopressin subjects. Do you think there a relationship between urine flow and the sodium excretion rate? According to the statistical analysis, the sodium excretion rate for the control and desmopressin subjects are not significantly different. This can also be seem from the class graphs theyfollow similar values. There does not seem to be a high correlation between urine flow and sodium excretion rate. After taking desmopressin, the subjects sodium secretion rate is similar to the controls, however, the urine flow is observably decreased after drinking water. Looking at the exercise subjects, their sodium excretion is lower than the other subjects after drinking water, however their urine flow after a few samples is significantly increased.(f)Complete the following accedeStimulusType/Site of ReceptorsADH ResponsePhysiological response on Urine VolumePhysiological response on furrow VolumeIncreased osmolality (dehydration)OsmoreceptorsHigh ADH levels lessenDecreasedDecreased osmolalityOsmoreceptorsLow ADH levelsIncreasedIncreasedIncreased ki nd volumeBaroreceptorsDecreased ADH secretionIncreasedIncreasedDecreased blood volumeBarereceptorsIncreased ADH secretionDecreasedDecreasedCONCLUSIONSWe reason that strenuous exercise decreases urine flow and hence will increase the concentration of urine. Desmopressin decreased urine flow and due to this increased water excretion, also decreased the concentration of urine.REFERENCESWidmaier, EP, Raff, H & Strang, KT (2014). Vanders Human Physiology. The Mechanisms of tree trunk Function. MCGraw Hill, Chapter 14, page 499.

Strategic Mangement(Krispy Kreme)

P r o j e c t o f Strategic prudence Case Study Krispy Kreme glory HAILEY COLLEGE OF COMMERCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB We be thankful to ALLAH ( tot every(prenominal)y mighty) for command us and giving us power and courage. Project submitted Sir Ishfaq Ahmed This project is ground on our course of S. M. We have tried to utilize our knowledge closely the subject which was taught by our professor. S. M is a vast field and it was a bit difficult for us to cover it all at our erudition phase. We have applied many concepts of S.M to the case study We are genuinely much thankful to our Sir Ishfaq Ahmedfor teaching us this important subject with all dedication and interest. It was very necessary for us to understand the real concepts of S. M. for our emerging practical actioning life. Project pre equalityed by Bilal Raja 792 Krispy Kreme aureole History and addition The founder, Vernon Rudolph, worked for his uncle, Ishmael Armstrong, who purchased a secret recipe for barm-rais ed glorys and a shop on Broad Street in Paducah, Kentucky, from Joseph LeBeouf of Lake Charles, Louisiana. Rudolph began contending the yeast annuluss in Paducah and delivered them on his bicycle.The operation was moved to capital of Tennessee, Tennessee, and other family members joined to butt against the customer demand. The first store in the nation with the Krispy-Kreme name subject on Charlotte Pike in 1933. Rudolph sold his interest in the Nashville store and in 1938 opened a doughnut shop in Winston- tradem, and began selling to groceries and then directly to individual customers. The first store in North Carolina was located in a rented building on southward Main Street in Winston-Salem in what is now called historic oldish Salem. The Krispy Kreme logo was designed by Benny Dinkins, a local architect.By the 1960s, Krispy Kreme was cognize without the southeastern United States, and it began to expand into other areas. In 1976, Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation became a wholly owned subsidiary of Beatrice Foods of Chicago, Illinois. The headquarters for Krispy Kreme remained in Winston-Salem. In 2003, a pilot project in Mountain View, California, to sell doughnuts through car windows and sunroofs at a busy intersection (with piano tuner payment) failed. On February 19, 2007, Krispy Kreme began selling the Whole Wheat Glazed doughnut in an attempt to assemblage to the health conscious.The doughnut has twenty Calories fewer than the maestro glazed (180 vs. 200) and contains more fiber (2 grams vs. 0. 5 grams). As of January 2008, the trans-fat content of all Krispy Kreme doughnuts was reduced to 0. 5 of a gram or less. The U. S. Food and do drugs Administration, in its guide delineates, concede companies to round down to 0 g in its nutrition facts label even if the food contains as much as 0. 5 of a gram per serving. Krispy Kreme benefited from this regulatory loophole in its subsequent publicizing campaign, touting its doughnuts as trans- fa t free and having 0 grams trans-fat Krispy Kreme began a nonher phase of fast expansion in the 1990s, opening stores outside the southeastern United States where approximately of their stores were located. Then, in December 2001, Krispy Kreme opened its first store outside the U. S. in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, just outside Toronto. Since 2004, Krispy Kreme has rapidly expanded its inter topic operations. On April 5, 2000, the muckle went public on the NASDAQ using the ticker symbol KREM. On may 17, 2001, Krispy Kreme switched to the New York Stock Exchange, with the ticker symbol KKD, which is its current symbol.On January 18, 2005, Krispy Kreme announced Stephen Cooper, lead of financial consulting group Kroll Zolfo Cooper LLC, as interim CEO. Cooper replaces Scott Livengood, who the companionship said has retired as chairman, president, CEO and a director. The company also named Steven Panagos, a managing director of Kroll Zolfo, as president and COO. Although based on informal announce such as word-of-mouth, in 2006, Krispy Kreme moved into television and radio advertisements, informant with its Share the Love campaign with heart-shaped doughnuts. Vision and determineOur Vision To be the global leader in doughnuts and complementary increases, while cr feeding magic moments worldwide. Our Values (with acknowledgement to Founder, Vernon Rudolph) we believe Consumers are our lifeblood, the center of the doughnut There is no substitute for quality in our service to consumers Impeccable presentation is overcritical wherever Krispy Kreme is sold We must produce a collaborative team up effort that is unexcelled We must cast the best possible construe in all that we do We must never settle for irregular best we deliver on our commitments We must coach our team to ever-better resultsMission controversy We create the tastes for good times and warm memories for everyone, everywhere. With our Original Glazed doughnut as our signature and sta ndard, we will continually improve our customers experience through Innovative ideas Highest quality, and Caring service Financial/ care performance environmental analysis Internal factors Strong brand recognition and recall wide-cut appeal of signature glazed doughnuts Vertical integration Development in international markets Strong channel of distribution Quality of intersection point grow assortment of offerings at KKD stores including beverages Doughnut machine technology.Perishability of product Limited product line (heavy reliance on doughnut sales) Overextended (i. e. , Montana Mills acquisition) inadequacy of locations in some areas Pricing in some locations External factors change magnitude popularity of coffee shops and cookry cafes Popularity of American foods and fashion in overseas markets Growth in two-income ho utilizationholds Americans continue to experience time-starvation Entertaining opportunities moving from home to work environment Technological advan cements (i. e. paperless ordering, predictive modeling software, hand held com typeseters for delivery drivers) agate line expansion possibilities (i. e. , Internet pre-ordering) Competitors like Dunkin Donuts and Starbucks Low-carb trend in eating preferences All-natural, organic, sanitary eating trends Cultural differences in breakfast and snack foods Increase in eating at full-service restaurants combined with a abate in the use of fast-food restaurants S. W. O. T analysis Strengths 1. Affordable, tall-quality doughnuts with strong visual appeal and one-of-a-kind taste 2.Neon heatable Doughnuts Now sign encourages people outside the store to make an impulse purchase 3. Market research shows appeal extends to all study demographic groups including age and income 4. Hot shop stores save money while property KKD customer experience intact 5. Vertical integration helps ensure high quality product 6. Consistent expansion now in 16 countries 7. Product sold at thousands of supe rmarkets, convenience stores, and retail outlets through U. S. Weaknesses 1. paying back on equity, assets, and investments all negative in the trailing twelve months skill of mgmt. s questionable 2. Shareholders have non received dividends recently, and are not expected to in near future ancestry price in state of flux 3. Closing stores when stores should be opening globally at steady rate to keep up with competitors produce 4. Management states in recent 10-K that it is struggling with how to make stores profitable 5. Product line subdued to expand with nothing Threats 1. Dunkin Donuts presently dominates the doughnut market, equationticularly in north U. S. 2. People are becoming more healthconscious, which does not bode easily for highsugar, high-fat treats 3.Starbucks has approximately 25 times the amount of stores worldwide that Krispy Kreme Donut has 4. restrict cash flow from banks and massive layoffs have stifled the world economy, lessen discretionary income 5. E uropeans prefer their local brands of Opportunities 1. Families crave convenience because of busy lifestyles 2. Asians warmth sweets and are open to trying foreign foods 3. Starbucks lacks a diversified and characteristic pastry line 4. Dunkin Donuts does not have heated doughnuts to sell 5. galore(postnominal) children love sweet treats 6. Tim Horton has yet to expand beyond the U. S. nd Canada, and its product line does not appear to be competitive 7. South America, Africa, and southerly Asia are markets to conquer outside sweet treats to draw in healthconscious customers 6. announce not aggressive enough to appeal to areas outside southeast of U. S. where some stores are 7. Revenues down, net losses in each of past tercet years 8. Per 10-K, continued disputes with certificationes could hurt future business doughnuts 6. Britons tend not to have cars, which inhibits drive-thru customers, and their eating habits and office etiquette differ from Americans 7.Shareholders may sell KKD stock for lack of returns and dividends compared to other similar firms in the industry SO Strategies 1. TV, radio, and sign ads demonstrating 27 varieties of doughnuts against non-descript pastry offerings by Starbucks (S3, O3) 2. All store signs in supermarkets and comforts where product is sold have picture of young child eating a Krispy Kreme doughnut (S7, O5) 3. shroudd grand openings of stores in highly-populated cities such as Sao Paulo, Brazil & Johannesburg, South Africa (S6, O7) ST Strategies 1.Compare hottish doughnut appeal of Krispy Kreme Donut to rimed doughnuts of Dunkin Donuts in TV and Internet ads (S1,T1) 2. Do roadshow across Europe as means of advertising, driving truck and mobile hot shop to major European cities and filming their reactions for European ads (S2, S4, T5, T6) 3. Express strengths and outline concrete strategies in clear format within 10-K in order to restore shareowner confidence in future of Krispy Kreme Donut (S1-S7, T7) WT Strate gies 1. Expand product line with low-calorie foods (W5, T7) 2. Recruit top executive talent from other WO Strategies 1.Make doughnuts filled with fruit, put fruit cups on menu, and develop wide variety of fresh fruit smoothies offer ways to incorporate nuts and protein into foods (W5, O3) 2. Aggressive Internet ads demonstrating the appeal of Krispy Kreme Donut hot doughnuts (W6, O4) 3. Open small but profitable hot shops in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia in order to expand globally (W3,O7) fast-food firms (W1, T7) 3. Survey franchisees to discover ways to repair business relationships and retain growth of franchise model study McDonalds model for tips (W8, T1, T3) I. F. E E. F. E C. P. M Space matrix Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG)Krispy Kreme Donuts has three business segments, and they are presented here along with their annual revenues per Form 10-K filed on April 17, 2009 go with terminals ($266M), Franchise ($26M) and Krispy Kreme yield Chain ($93M), with ap proximately $384M in score revenues for the year ending February 1, 2009. This means that each business segment represented the hobby percentage in revenues Company Stores (69. 2%), Franchise (6. 7%), and Krispy Kreme egress Chain (24. 1%). Profits for each business segment are as follows Company Stores ($-2M) Franchise ($18M) and KK Supply Chain ($25M), for a total of $41M in profits.Therefore, Company Stores has 0% of the profits Franchise has about 41% and Krispy Kreme Supply Chain has about 59%. Well assume that Company Stores has 3% of the market share and a -13% growth rate Franchise has 3% of the market share and a 10% growth rate and Krispy Kreme Supply Chain has 3% of the market share and -7% growth rate. Grand scheme (GS) Matrix Recommendations 1- Reduce operating expenses (down-size individual stores) Lower Costs of Doing blood reduce operating costs per individual store by changing average size of stores from 2500-4500 sq. t. range to 15002000 sq ft. Potential for 30 50 % decrease in operating cost on a cost per determine foot basis. I. Change entire manufacturing and distribution strategy Implement par baked manufacturing operation to allow individual stores to decrease in size, then lowering per store operating costs to a more becharm level for sales volume Increased efficiency smaller custody per store, par-bake allows for minimal waste inventory as needed (important b/c fresh goods low shelf life Par bake will allow for hot doughnuts now all of the time. Implications of transition to par bake operation New Plant Equipment freezers, production equipment, freezer trucks for distribution/delivery. Store Equipment freezers, oven for various par baked goods, fryers for doughnuts. R&D for unique par bake operation, doughnuts still to be fried and glazed on site. II. Sale of Plant and Equipment -sell Effingham plant Potential buyers are large scale baked-goods manufacturers Sara lee(prenominal) Corporation Entenmanns (Georg e Weston Bakeries Distribution) Harlan Bakeries, Inc. Estimated value of 10. 5 12 million. III. Remove doughnut theater from 95% of locations, doughnut theater can be reveal of a select few Flagship locations only. (3 5 Stores) 2- Develop stronger relations and command of franchisees I. Short-term period of one year postpone new franchise agreements/new store openings II. Implement Franchise Support Systems Communication amongst corporate and franchisees Support training, advertising Utilize recommendation 1 in order to lower operating expenses for franchisees. Implement Marketing Strategies I. Advertising national television and radio advertising campaign based on hot doughnuts now. II. Marketing research periodic research to stay abreast(predicate) of trends. III. R&D product development 4- Strengthen Competitive prefer Strengthen Competitive Advantage through differentiation in products and services. I. Continue to utilize hot doughnuts now II. Expand product li ne paper with A&S New York Bagels (par-baked). Par baked will allow for Hot Bagels Now.

Child and Young Person Development Cyp3.1.A1: Pattern of Development Essay

The sequence of teaching is the order in which development occurs. The rate of development is the speed at which development occurs. Every kidskin is unique and will develop at their own rate. Children will usually follow the selfsame(prenominal) pattern of development but the rate at which they reach their milestones may vary depending on the individual and their ability. It is important to sleep together the difference so when recording the rate of development you can happen upon any concerns that you may have within the development area and this allows you to fancy effectively for the individual. Birth to 1 month Makes basic distinctions in vision, hearing, smelling, tasting, touch, temperature, and comprehension of pain Helpless Fed by mother 2 months to 3 months Colour perception, visual exploration, oral exploration Sounds cries, coos, grunts Control of eye muscles Smiles 4 months to 6 months Recognises sounds Control of h ead and arm movements domiciliate grasp objects Rolls oer savours being cuddled Can distinguish between familiar people and strangers 7 months to 9 months Sits without support Crawls around Has emotional attachment to mother Protests dissolution from mother 10 months to 12 months Control of legs and feet Can stand up Says one or two words and can imitate sounds Responds to guileless commands Curious and wanting to explore Has a fear of strangers Responds to own forebode Gives and takes objects 1 year to 1 1/2 long time mount stairs Makes lines on paper with a crayon Upset when marooned from mother Feeds himself Repeats a few words Obeys limited commands 1 1/2 to 2 geezerhood Can run and kicks a crackpot Can build a 6 cube tower subject of bowel and bladder control Has a vocabulary of more than cc words Can throw temper tantrums Does the opposite of what they are told 2 years to 3 yea rs Jumps off a step Rides a tricycle Builds a 9-10 cube tower. Starts to use short sentences Differentiates facial expressions of anger, sorrow, and joy. Has a Sense of humour Enjoys playing alongside another child 3 years to 4 years Stands on one leg Can draw a circle and a cross Self-sufficient in many routines of home life Likes to share Starts to play with other children 4 years to 5 years Skips Broad jumps Dresses themselves Talks clearly and uses enceinte speech sounds Knows over 2,000 words Understands responsibility and feels guilt Feels pride in accomplishment Prefers to play with other children Becomes competitive 6 years of sequence Can read and write simple text Focus on only one issue at a time when closure problems Become increasingly social 7 years to 8 years Begin to show a preference for a certain breeding style Like to be involved in some aggroup play, but take in time alone, to o Have fastly ever-changing emotions Well-developed speech and use correct grammar most of the time 8 years to 10 years Know the complete date (day of the week, day of the month, month, and year) Enjoy being with friends and often have a best friend of the same gender Have speech patterns that are nearly at an big(p) level Have good control of large and small muscles 10 years to 12 years Boys become taller and thinner Girls become taller and more shapely Thinks in a more logical sophisticated behavior Puberty Interest in the opposite sex Increasing need for privacy 12 to 16 years Beginning of adolescents Intense and rapid captureth development Builds skills to become self-sufficient May be strongly invested in a single, romantic relationship 16 years to 19 years Complete puberty and the physical transition from childhood to adulthood Attain cognitive maturity the ability to make decisions based on knowledge o f options and their consequences Reach nearly their adult height, especially females. Males continue to grow taller into their early twenties

Educating Rita-Characters Essay

briny characters Rita and Frank are the only two characters whom we see on stage, though other people are referred to by both of them. We hear intimately Denny, Ritas husband, about Julia, Franks partner, and about Trish, Ritas flatmate, who attempts to slay herself. But it is Rita and Frank whom the audience gets to know best.Rita Rita is a working-class, twenty-six-year-old hairdresser who has taken the decisive step of enrolling on a writings course at the Open University. It has been a difficult decision as it means that she has to furcate onward from the restrictions imposed on her by her husband and by the corporation in which she lives and works. Indeed, Ritas choice is a stark one it is surrounded by starting a family, which Denny wants, or studying. In deciding to study and generate more educated and culturally aware, Rita changes her life completely. She gradually becomes absorbed by culture and literature. It is only after her flatmate attempts suicide that she b egins to realise that art and literature cannot provide all the answers. However, she decides to continue as a student and in the long run passes her examination.Frank Frank is a university lecturer in English belles-lettres with a drink problem. He has had one failed marriage and his present consanguinity wit Julia is not an easy one. However, he does appear to have a comfortable middle-class lifestyle and has achieved some minor success as a poet. His job, nevertheless, bores him and, in fact, by the end of the play, he has been sent away to Australia by the university authorities because of his drunken behaviour. Rita breezes into his life like a breathing room of fresh air the story of the play is the story of their developing and ever-changing relationships both as teacher and student and on a more personal level.

Improve Maternal Health Essay

The World Health arrangement defines m otherwisely wellness as the health condition of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum extent that needs to be safeguarded to prevent death (http//www. who. int/topics/ enatic_health/en/). Improving maternal(p) health is one of the concerns of the Millennium Development Goals with focus on diminution maternal mortality and achieving universal access to reproductive health dish out by the year 2015. In 2008, sixty-eight (68) developing countries account for the mass of the maternal and child mortality.In the same year, the World Health Organization inform that some of the countries where maternal health is of prime importance and is granted high importance include Norway, Australia, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and other developed countries. On the other hand, many developing countries are left behind in wrong of giving importance or even appreciation to maternal health such as Afghanistan, Yemen, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Congo and other Southeast Asian countries. unfortunate maternal health adversely affects women.The World Health Organization reported that almost 500,000 women die of childbirth and pregnancy every year payable to complications brought about by childbearing. Most of these women die due to unavailability of maternal health services and emergency assistance. It is the woman and her child that is always at risk when maternal health is not of top priority of a government. A woman and her child will always be expose to infection and other forms of diseases when they are not given proper fellowship and skills in maternal health.

Reflective Paper on Management of Organizations Essay

The invention of management dowericularly that of managing faces, is a broad issue of study and usually requires intellect of the a nonher(prenominal) branches of human nurture much(prenominal)(prenominal) as sociology, psychology and economics, among others. In as sealed the most in effect(p) begin in management, it is important to consume the fundamentals of dealing with persons, how to organize them, crack their skills while bonding them together and in conclusion pay positive outcome or production from their collective labor. beingness an experienced nurse and piece of the US Armed Forces, I get wind visualiseed through the years in make camps and in handle that interpersonal relationship is not easily perfected consumeing mans innate instinct of self-survival.In recite for a man to extend in whatever given situation, condition and place, it is just natural for him to fork up and protect himself or his interests, practically measures resulting to co nflict with other persons. This human frailty is often than not the root of problems and conflict motivateing the smooth full stop of communication and cooperation within a certain group or governing body. In addition to this, a persons inability to understand the right(a) system of ruless of study within an establishment and the natural contrast of neuters brought by extracurricular embraces such(prenominal) as information technology, globalization and the likes usually result to negatively charged output or disintegration of the organization itself. Also, adjustment, transformation and evolution is part of nature. Such reality in some(prenominal) case affects organizations and the society as a whole. The concept of the continuous transformation of the society and all of its institutions is best described by Donald Schon (1973)The loss of stable state means that our society and all of its institutions be in continuous fulfilles of transformation. We backnot expe ct new stable states that will d hygienic for our own life measures. We must(prenominal)iness(prenominal) learn to understand, guide, influence and managed these transformations. We must make the message for undertaking them integral to ourselves and to our institutions.We must, in other words, choke angiotensin-converting enzyme at skill. We must move able not only to transform our institutions, in response to changing situations and requirements we must invent and transmutation out institutions which argon learning systems, that is to say, systems capable of bringing or so their own keep transformation. (Schon 1973 28) Schon, as quoted by M.K. Smith (2001) in his article, The learn Organization posted in the worldwide web infed.org, is indeed correct by saying that we must learn how to adapt to forms and transformation, make them as integral part of us and our institutions and overly come up with new learning systems that could carry on the cycle. attached this idea, I believe that by learning the proper systems in the field of management, integrity and only(a) would not only be able to adapt to such transformations in the society and all its institutions or organizations, but also unity could make a big difference in mobilizing hoi polloi together, devising them more than competent, service-oriented, impressive and productive. At the same age, learning the proper systems faeces lessen, if not only its impact, the conflict ca exercised by self-survival by soulfulnesss thereby resulting to an hard-hitting group that is highly competitive, competent and motivated. Part of the learning systems in an organization is the building of police squads that would create the heart and machinery of the organization.In building aggroups, I take in learned from some(prenominal) readings that it is important to determine the strength and weaknesses of each item-by-item to assess their distinct capabilities that would match the requiremen t for specific responsibilities and massage to be make. In determining the weaknesses and strength of the team members, as well as the over-all status of the team, some analytical modules can be used such as the force field synopsis and the grind analysis. To initiate the force field analysis, the team must operate with a brainstorming sitting to identify the driving and restraining forces in their organization. The driving forces ar the factors that promote homage to the teams work or schedule while the restraining forces atomic number 18 the factors that hinder adherence. By learning how to determine both, the team and its attraction would be able to design strategies how to approach the problem and decrease the restraining forces to achieve maximum re declaration. Another in effect(p) delegacy of identifying the internal and external strength, weaknesses and opportunities of the team is the SWOT analysis. In using the SWOT analysis, the team would not only be able t o determine the causes of motivation or hindrances to their work or schedules, but also the opportunities and threats to the organization. SWOT is more comprehensive and detailed and by identifying the internal strength and weaknesses and the external opportunities and threats, the team would be able to draw up little solutions to its problems. In using systematic analysis in identifying problems, the team attractor also develops a systematic thinking or approach in building a strong and effective team. Such forms of analysis argon effective in most cases especially in war machine operations. As an active member of the US army, part of our daily activities is to oppose order in each team at the camp and effectively carry out orders from our superiors. By learning how to determine several forces that affect our operations, I am becoming more capable to handle orders and join forces with my colleagues. At my age of 41, I am still open to possibilities that until promptly an ol der woman like me could achieve more in the rising. through and through learning how to build teams and eventually become a very frank attraction, I am relearning the values of discipline, independence and competence that I could use once I finish my course in Human Resources. only if building teams and knowing each team members competency is only part of the large face of learning systems in learning organizations. The next step to an effective management ishow to enhance and develop strategies that would better the team.An effective team develops shipway to look at leadership roles and ways to sh be righteousness for their work output. It also builds a specific team point and goals. thither are several ways or strategies how to motivate teams to become stronger and more efficient. It is important to establishe objectives together. either team members must understand the objectives and what actions are needed to achieve them. Each member shall capture a genius of res ponsibility and must have a sense of participation in achieving the collective goal of the team. A just leader also knows how to throw out members to suggest ways how to improve their own services. The team must develop a participatory style. The feeling of belongingness and importance is one of the best ways to boost the team members team spirit.I often do this at base of operations with my children. For 18 years as I reared them as single parent, I tried to teach them to verbalise and to participate in all crime syndicate concerns. This made them independent and self-assured the same way a team member should feel important. Most often than not, listening is the best way to learn. Leaders should know how to listen to their team members. They should also acknowledge their points of linear perspective and encourage a healthy venue for discussions and democratic debates.Healthy discussions are actually therapeutic to the group because the members will be able to speak their min ds or the problems they encounter at work. This improves interpersonal relationships and lessens the conflict of self-interests and self-survival.By understanding each others problems or by listening to one another, a team member would learn to decrease his personal walls and start opening doors to other persons. This is actually interesting for me. As I go through this course and the learning systems in management and organizational learning, I come to realize that managing teams or organization is not quite distinct from managing your own home.I could easily relate, not only because I encounter team concerns at work but also because I have experienced being aleder at my own house. Meanwhile, other strategies in can be introduced to maximize the effectiveness of a team. Defining specific roles and responsibilities also helps in organizing the team and keeping them focused.It is also important to explain rules and regulations, including sequence commitments. By knowing the rules a nd the rationale for such rules, team members will develop honour and trust to the organization.Commitment of time for team building and team work is also of import in an organizations growth. All members must have a sincere concern for the team and in doing so, they must be willing to extend time at work to do their responsibility to the group, if needed. match to the experts, an effective team has at to the lowest degree seven characteristics. These are as follows team members share leadership roles team develops own scope of work team schedules work to be done and commits to taking time allotted to do work team develops real(a) work products team shared accountability exploit is based on achieving team products and open discussion and collective resolution of problems within the team. workings long hours at the nurses station in camps and in hospitals, taking care of the sick and old, then has given me decorous taste of the real meaning of team work.It is authorized tha t a hospital or a military machine infirmary is just like an organization. Each aesculapian staff shall take part in all the responsibilities. Less time would also be spent if each nurse takes quality time to take care of the patients or station himself in a designated area.In my former line of work, there are also specific responsibilities and areas of accountability including pharmacy, supplies, maintenance, emergency, wards, among others.The same is true with the military. And mush is expected of us. At present, I am an E6 Supply Staff Sergeant. I work for a transportation reserve unit full time. I am part of a larger team. And it is my responsibility to take care of their supply needs. If I fail, the whole system fails. It is a chain. But if I do my work on time and with efficiency, I help my teammates and the order is protected. Simple things or simple tasks are oftentimes the key to an organizations success. By doing the very elemental things right, the team is assured of a holistic effectiveness and efficiency.As I begin to look back, it is getting clearer to me that the tricks of management, in any given field, are actually around us everyday. One only needs to be more observant and reflective to better understand the care fores of learning. Part of the continuing learning process is also the methods of solving conflicts. Conflicts within organizations usually trick up when there is contradiction between team members, who sometimes have vary views on specific concerns. When conflicts arise, experts tell us that it is important to introduce a constructive way how to resolve it. The first thing that one must take into consideration is to avoid jumping into conclusions. To avoid such mistake, it is crucial to identify the factors that have caused the conflict and determine the stakeholders involved in the conflict. classify discussion would help determine who are stakeholders in a certain conflict. By diplomatically opening a dialogue between the s takeholders, the leader would be able to recognize separate interests, as well a power issues affecting the conflict. The next step is to consider the alternatives in closure the conflict. Each alternative must be carefully studied and from each, crusade to determine which is the most apt solution to the problem. After the chosen solution is implemented, it is imperative to evaluate its effect to assess whether the results are satisfactory. If not, begin the process again and find other solution to the conflict. In every organization, change is also a constant factor. Organizations are often faced by difficulties within the structure when there is leadership or organizational change. According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1999, Chapter 5), it was proven over the years that things that sustain change are not bold strokes but long marches the independent, discretionary and ongoing efforts of commonwealth throughout the organization. Kanter (1999, Chapter 5) further says that real cha nge requires people to adjust to their bearing, and that behavior is often beyond the control of top management. Kanter teaches us that change is incessantly created at many levels in an organization. Kanter says that there are big events that often occur due to outside forces while some changes are brought nigh by the peoples actions in their daily operations. In confronting change, adept organizations share three key attributes. Kanter (1999, Chapter 5) specifies these as follows *The imagination to bring in. To encourage innovation, effective leaders helpdevelop new concepts the ideas, models, and applications of technology that set an organization apart.*The professionalism to perform. Leaders provide personal and organizational competence, supported by workforce training and development, to execute flawlessly and deliver value to ever more demanding customers.*The openness to collaborate. Leaders make connections with partners who can extend the organizations reach, enhan ce its offerings, or energize its practices. (Kanter 1999, Chapter 5) Kanter cited three important words concept, competence and connections. She claims that these intangible assets naturally build up with successful individuals and organizations. Such intangible assets, she explains, reflect habits and not programs. These habits personal skills, behavior and relationships if deeply imbedded within the organization results to minimal resistance to change. If the organization has such assets, change would be so natural that leaders would find it easier to gear their team members to positively react to change. Mastering change and transformation usually brought by outside forces such as technology, globalization, competition and politics as well is not an well-heeled task. The organization should be intuitive, dynamic and innovative. The organization must come up with its own innovations to adapt to its environment, guided by the skillful and pro-active leader. Kanter (1999) expl ains that the skillful leader must know how to lead with passion, conviction and confidence in others. There are other techniques or tips that could be adopted by an effective leader. The first is to keep abreast with the changing environment. A leader must be constantly observant, keen in learning and updated of what is new and what is latest. Kanters concept of effective leadership teaches me and everyone else another basic characteristic of serviceman our innate instinct to learn. Mans curiosity and unending bet for the truth or the story behind things is actually a mark that must be suppressed by a leader. I now find it imperative to double my efforts in honing my skills in preparation for my future as human resource personnel or manager. Doing routines at the military sometimes make you too comfortable with your environment that you forget to play off what is happening around. Now, I am beginning to realize that in order to be an effective and skillful leader, one must pr epare and master the technique of listening, learning and tuning in to the environment. Another property that a leader should master is to think outside the box. Kanter said it is okay to gainsay the wisdom of the organization. It is alright to question the patternsn and come up with new solutions, aspect into different angles or dimensions that sometimes lead to new approaches and innovative ideas. Kanter (1999) gave several examples how to promote kaleidoscopic thinking. Team members can conduct activities outside the guild or the organization itself. Interact, immerse with the community, break routines, rotate job assignments or even exchange projects. These are only few of the ways to generate fresh ideas and opportunities. Genuine conviction is also a positive trait that should be taught to team members. Kanter (1999) explains that one cannot sell change or anything else without any real conviction. In order for others to believe what you say or what you are riseing to tu rn over, you must believe it first.Makes sense to me. In many situations that I was confronted by issues at the US Armed Forces, my children would sometimes ask about the real concerns and agenda of the US government. And in many cases, I try to answer them as honestly as I could. But now, it reminds me of my true feelings at that time. Kanter helps me reflect of my thoughts and thinking about it, I know that at times, I am not even sure whether my convictions were genuine enough to let my children believe what I say. This is one trait of a good leader I must master. To have genuine conviction so I could become an effective leader and be able to communicate vision and aspirations to my team members. Change leaders also needs the troth of the team members who have the resources, the knowledge and the political influence to make things possible. Kanter (1999) calls it compression building. In early stages of planning, the leader must identify key players with take away capabilities . It is also important to find sources across or outside the organization to find influencers. According to Kanter, coalition building requires an understanding of the politics of change and its accompanying principles. Once the coalition is in place, a leader must know how to coach and provide guidance to the team members while at the same time resulting them to enhance their individual contribution to the team. Kanter (1999) says leaders should allow team members to forge their own identity, build a sense of social status and become accustomed in implementing changes. The leader must resist natural endowment too many responsibilities to the members because in order for their individual capabilities to grown, they must learn how to focus. Another effective way to ensure the success of an organization and its resolution to change is the primary law of management persistence. I myself believe that in any aspect of our life, not only in management, learning how to die hard and d evelop a strong passion on what we do is a positive attitude. Perseverance gives a person more board to grow. As a 41-year-old woman, others may think that my career is almost over or that I may be experiencing the downsides of life. But I beg to discord because I know that in pursuing my studies in human resources, I will have a better future ahead of me. My perseverance and willingness to adapt to changes and hone my skills in the process makes me a person with a vision and a drive to achieve more. As Kanter (1999) explains, one must know how to overcome obstacles during the process of change. Perseverance helps a savvy leader to ensure the success of the process and prevent failure. If a leader launches something, he must not leave it to the team members. He should ensure that the process is done until the end. And after everything has been put into place, it is important to recognize each members contribution to the any accomplishment. Remembering to reward and recognize accom plishments is critical in any leadership, Kanter (1999) says. Words of gratitude, recognition or appreciation are one of the most powerful tool in motivating members of any organization. In the US Armed Forces, promotions and awarding of medals of honor or courage are few of the motivational tools being used to boost the morale of US soldiers and to encourage them to fight for America. It is also a form of inducing to American soldiers for their sacrifices and the finds they face in the military, considering that the profession is a high risk one. According to Kanter, there is no limit to how much recognition a leader can provide to his team members. Making everyone a torpedo for a job well done often results to higher performance or bigger output in the future. In relation to change in an organization, Kanter (1999) says recognition motivates people to attempt change again especially if they are involved in the process. In closing, effective management of people or organization is actually the ability to lessen individualism and self-survival instincts, break communication barriers, limit conflicts, building teams and training them to adapt to change, and the ability to innovate in order to keep abreast with the constantly changing environment. stiff management, though not easy to achieve, is actually a continuous learning process. One must have the concepts, the competence and the connections in order to become competitive, innovative and effective. Ashford University actually teaches us the same foundational values. The values of self-worth, creativity, independence, service, integrity and effectiveness. As for me, after studying this course and learning the proper systems in effective management, it is clear that the universitys core values such as creativity and effectiveness are truly important, not only to every individual but to interpersonal relationships and organizations as well. The ability to innovate and have the respect for the free flow o f ideas are some of the key points in know the techniques of effective management. As discussed above, innovation and transformation are continuous processes in the growth of an organization and by learning the values of creativity and self-directedness, one is assured that he could face the ever-changing and demanding world outside. Also, ones independence, self-discipline and competence result to effectiveness, not only as an individual but also as integral part of a larger group or organization. In any way, I believe that my aspirations in life are clearer and more achievable as I detainment a better understanding of the processes or organizational learning, as well as the values being taught at the Ashford university. This course is actually very interesting and liberating because it gives me a broader view of the society and its institutions. (End)ReferencesSmith, M.K. (2001) The Learning Organization, The encyclopaedia of Informal Education, Retrieved May 3, 2006 from http //www.infed.org/biblio/learning-organization.htmSchon, D.A. (1973) Beyond the Stable State. Public and Private Learning in a Changing Society, Harmondsworth Penguin, 236 pages.Kanter, Rosabeth Moss (1999) The Enduring Skills of Change Leaders (Chapter 5) , On Leading Change. Retrieved May 3 from http//leadertoleader.org/leaderbooks/L2L/summer99/kanter.htmlForce Field Analysis. Retrieved May 3 from http//erc.msh.org/quality/pstools/psffanal.cfmSWOT Analysis. Retrieved May 3 from http//erc.msh.org/quality/examples/swot.cfm If such could be achieved by a person, then he is a candidate to become an effective leader. By trying to understand the academic theories and vast possibilities to which this course of study has offered me, I now come to the realization that there is room for much improvement to everyone, even to a 44-year-old nothing is impossibleI am a person with simple values, who appreciates those around me. I consider nmyself as helper of people and have been a member of t he breast feeding profession for years.

Resilience: Problem Solving and Child

excuse why resiliency is so important CYP 3. 3 6. 2 SCMP2 1. 3 CYP 3. 3 6. 1 CYP 3. 3 6. 4 CYP 3. 3 6. 3 What is resilience? Resilience is the ability to line up to adversity and cope with living in spite of judgees. Building resilience is shewing the ability to bounce back and adapt to all kinds of adversity, including trauma, tragedy, threats, setbacks and stress.Children at some cadence in their lives will experience stress and trauma, nevertheless by building resilience, infantren argon better able to manage stress and feelings of anxiety and uncertainty. Resilience is important because it is the human capacity to face, oercome and be strengthened or even transformed by the adversities of life. And adversity affects us all at some time in our lives. Resilient sisterren save right smarts to solve their fusss xercise control over negative thoughts and take business for choosing how to act and feel are more carely to ingest spate to talk to and confide in when somet hing worries them confine inner strength, social and inter-personal skills, and skills in communicating effectively require parents and carers to model resilient behaviours and help uphold resilience through words, actions and the milieu, in which they are being raised like to try new things, enjoy a challenge need supervision, last and boundaries feel they hobo succeed ersist with a task and persevere have a sense of optimism believe their contribution can make a difference to an outcome like helping people possess a sense of fun. Ways we can raise a squirts confidence, resilience and eudaemonia Resilience draws on aspects of a childs characteristics including nature and the environment in which they are raised and supported. It also includes people and opportunities that help build resilience, forexample independence, impropriety and problem solving. Strategies for building resilience can be learned over time.Learning to think positively and in perspective subject matter a child can not only cope with problems and setbacks. It also means children have opportunities to learn how to build strengths that protect and throw out well-being. To overcome adversity and build resilience, children ideally require innate love and acceptance some self-direction over their lives trusting relationships with significant adults feelings of independence secure relationships and strong agency models to help foster friendships and commitment a safe and stable environment self-confidence and faith in themselves and their world.All these things help to build resilience. Helping to promote resilience A childs ability to build resilience is dependent on their age and stage of development. Babies and toddlers have qualifyed physical and ruttish competence compared with eight-year old. However, helping a child to feel secure and confident can begin at birth. For babies and toddlers Provide safety, security, stability and nurturephysically, verbally and emotionally. Roc k, stroke, appease and cuddle often. Use words of comfort to calm. Allow babies freedom to look for in safety. Encourage toddlers to calm themselves.Model optimistic and resilient behaviour. Talk with toddlers and preschoolers close what adversity and setbacks mean. Reinforce a childs faith in their own problem solving skills. Set limits for behaviour and label the behaviour, not the child. Offer explanations regarding rules and discipline. encomium the accomplishment of tasks and milestones. Encourage independence. Help your child to recognise feelings and develop language to express emotions. Build on the security of trusted relationships. Source catch picture books from your local library. Know and work with your childs temperament.Help your child stick to a daily routine. For preschoolers and older children Give unconditional support, nurturing and encouragement. Encourage and help your child practise calming strategies. Model self-esteem, confidence and optimism. Talk abo ut take away behaviours. Encourage independent thought and action. Build on developing an emotional vocabulary and how to label feelings. Help your child to understand their own temperament and why they might react in a certain way to a pickicular situation. Practise effective ways to resolve difference at school or in the playground.Talk about ways that a child can seek help and assistance if needed. Spend time every day talking, discussing and sharing whats happening in your childs life. Model and apprise attitudes of empathy and ways of caring. Explain that all behaviour has consequences. Provide comfort in stressful situations. Praise completed tasks, work well done, perseverance, desired behaviours. deal accepting responsibility for behaviour and why discipline is imposed to limit some behaviours. Clarify expectations, rules and regulations (especially for school).Accept that failure happens and talk about ways your child can overcome feelings of failure and try again. Dis cuss and support rising independence and autonomy as your child develops, and how this balances out with age-appropriate limitations. Be flexible with routines so that your child has time and opportunity to be creative. Teach your child how to focus on something else if they are worried or upset. Discuss what it means to be a friend and help your child to make friends. Explain the importance of eating properly, resting, exercising and self care.Help your child to see that their single(a) accomplishments contribute to the well-being of the family as a whole. Why is important to inculcate them skills to keep them safe? Resilience is coping with change, and for many young children change can be stressful and scary. Helping a child to keep things in perspective and understand why change is an inevitable part of life, will help them to navigate and bounce back from tough multiplication and move forward to better times. Wherever possible, ensure that children have unconditional suppor t and stability from their family or caring network.

Qantas Dispute

Qantas dispute heads to supreme authority, more pain contingent Kelly Burke, Matthew OSullivan, Jessica Wright November 22, 2011 pic Alan Joyce the winners step to the fore of this be our customers. Photo Dallas Kilponen THE Qantas dispute leave alone drag into contiguous year and thither is a threat of further legal work on, with negotiations surrounded by the three matings and the air passage collapsing within hours of the mandated deadline.Despite a push by the Transport be giveners Union to extend the 21-day negotiation period, yesterday afternoon airline management walked away from talks with its ground crew, including baggage happenlers and catering staff, little than an hour after doing the same with its enormous-haul pilots. Late in the afternoon, Qantas and the third union locked in dispute, the Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association, gybed to call it quits and hand the remaining unresolved issues the use of contractors and hiring staff from outsi de Australia over to the industrial relations umpire.The process of binding arbitration under sightly cultivate Australia is expected to ride months as the umpire gathers evidence and calls for expert witnesses and compose submissions. Although un standardisedly, disruptions to the holiday ends of thousands of Qantas passengers prat non be ruled out, with the TWU to decide on Thursday whether it impart mount a legal challenge to Fair Works order on October 31 to confinesinate industrial action. The union has give tongue to it will look a stay if it decides to challenge, which would free its members to resume work stoppages over the Christmas and bracing Year period.The pilots union has already begun legal action against Fair Works termination with the first directions hearing in the Federal Court set devour for December 1. But industrial law experts are skeptical closely the likely success of the TWU and pilots legal challenges. Emeritus Professor Ron McCallum, from the Sydney Law School, said it was highly unlikely the Federal Court would grant the TWU a stay, which would allow its members to take legal strike action. The unions case would have to successfully bespeak that Fair Work acted contrary to the law, that they misconstrued their powers and that will be actually hard to do, he said. The Transport Minister, Anthony Albanese, said there was a lack of straightforwardwill and heed from all sides and the governments position on union moves to take legal action was iron clad. We dont support multitude taking legal action. We have an umpire and the umpire should be allowed to make their decision. Were confident the courts would uphold that, he said.The employment Relations Minister, Chris Evans, warned that further industrial action by any troupe would be unlawful. The federal secretary of the TWU, Tony Sheldon, said Qantas had decided to drag its employees by dint of the courts rather than agree to an extension of the conciliation p eriod, where the issue of job security, including the come in of contractors Qantas cute to use, were the sticking points. Qantas has not displayed trade good organized religion in these negotiations. The TWU wanted a sprint to the finish tho Qantas just hopped on the treadmill.It looked like they were moving but they werent going anywhere. The vice-president of the Australian and International Pilots Association, Richard Woodward, said negotiations had cease after the two sides failed to agree over the terms for efficiency gains of up to 20 per cent in areas such as pilot rostering. circumspection obviously believes that a decision achieved through arbitration is preferable, he said. It is a pity that Qantas as an airline will have to be subjected to this long, lengthy process when a negotiated outcome was possible. Qantass chief executive, Alan Joyce, conceded that binding arbitration could take months but said it would eventually lead to treatys that could last as long as four years. He dismissed claims from the pilots union that Qantas never think to reach an engagement during the 21 days. Passengers can now travel with confidence. The winners out of this are our customers. The winners out of this are employees and our shareholders. They have certainty, he said. http//www. smh. com. au/ origin concern/qantas-dispute-heads-to-umpire-more-pain-possible-20111122-1nrgj. tml Overview This article is a well-publicized national dispute between Qantas and its employees close pay, job security, and working conditions. The Qantas employees involved in this dispute are pilots, baggage handlers, engineers and the catering department. Analysis This industrial dispute between Qantas and its employees has been force on for quite some time now, and I would have to agree with some of the comments made in the article by the Transport Minister, Anthony Albanese, when he said, there was a lack of goodwill and respect from all sides.I agree with those comments m ade by the Transport Minister, because there appears to have been very minimal advance made during the dicker process, prior to Fair Work Australias (FWA) intervention. Now that the dispute is going to arbitration it will be extremely interesting to see how the term bargaining in good faith will be justified and measured. I believe the term bargaining in good faith to be quite unresolved to dis bargain, and it will be rather difficult to prove that any peculiar(a) party was not acting in good faith. On the FWA website there is a description for good faith bargaining which explains that the good faith bargaining requirements that a bargaining representative for a proposed enterprise agreement must meet attending, and participating in, meetings at reasonable times disclosing relevant information (other than confidential or commercially sensitive information) in a timely manner responding to proposals made by other bargaining representatives for the agreement in a timely manner giving genuine considerateness to the proposals of other bargaining representatives for the agreement, and giving reasons for the bargaining representatives responses to those proposals refraining from capricious or cheating(prenominal) conduct that undermines freedom of association or collective bargaining recognising and bargaining with the other bargaining representatives for the agreement. The good faith bargaining requirements do not require a bargaining representative to make concessions during bargaining for the agreement reach agreement on the terms that are to be include in the agreement. (http//www. fwa. gov. au/index. cfm? pagename=agreementsdeterminationsgood) I believe that globalization may have played a part in the lack of good faith bargaining in this EBA dispute, because the major sticking point in this dispute is job security for the employees, and Qantas cant guarantee this whilst prosecute its organizational strategic objectives.Part of Qantass long-term s trategic plan is to increasingly use contractual part time employees within Australia, as well as establishing some offshore workforces to fulfill roles such as engineering. Therefore, I think that Qantas had always intended to eventually use FWA to deputise and assist in settling this dispute. I can completely empathize with the employees desires to ensure job security into the future, but I can also understand the strategic organizational needs of Qantas management. Some people would argue that globalization is just a convenient management explain for cost cutting, but there are definitely global pressures in todays economic environment that make issues such as this extremely delicate to strike a balance. Left-wing critics, however argue that the demon of globalization is just a convenient management alibi for cost-cutting and anti-union behavior designed to decollectivize the workplace and promote market forces. The real problems for Australias competitiveness, according to s uch critics, are not in unproductive workplaces, but in the boardrooms of banks, large corporations and other centers of financial power. (Stone. R pg. 541, 2008) polish It is hard to know whether there was good faith bargaining displayed from some(prenominal) Qantas management and the unions during these negotiations, and that is some thing that the FWA tribunal will decide on.However, I do believe that if there were more consultation, honesty and eventually arrogance built between both parties, there would have been more progress made before the FWA intervention. I would have also recommended that both parties bulge out these negotiations by deciding which issues that they agree on going forward, and then depress trying to negotiate the more difficult issues. By doing this both parties will slowly build some small amounts of trust, which helps to facilitate more consultation. References allow Stone. J Raymond -Human Resource Management 6th Edition, 2008. John Wiley & Sons A ustralia, Ltd. Milton, QLD 4064 Online http//www. smh. com. au/business/qantas-dispute-heads-to-umpire-more-pain-possible-20111122-1nrgj. html http//www. fwa. gov. au/index. cfm? pagename=agreementsdeterminationsgood

Indo-Burma Forests

Forestry Indo-Burma Forests Forests, some of the most essential eco constitutions in the world, theatre of operations about forty to s take downty-five percent all plants and animals globally. Unfortunately, the amount of biodiversity in forests is severely at risk due to the increasing deforestation everyplace the past four decades. It is estimated in the biological community that about 50,000 species be completely wiped out annually as a result of arbitration, prop clearance, logging, and other human techniques.Dry. Edward Wilson, a Harvard professor, predicts that half of all of earths species could be out(p) in about 50 years, unless the deforestation rate decreases. In 2011, saving International ( withal known as C) conducted a study of the top cristal most be forests in the world (half of them located Asia-Pacific Region). Of the ten, the Indo-Burma forests were deemed the number adept most endangered forest. Encompassing approximately 2,373,000 km, the forests spreads from eastern India to Southern china.The Indo- Burma forests be considered to be one of 34 biodiversity virtuosos, a term coined y Norman Myers (a British biologist), which is a biographic landscape characterized by outstanding levels of habitat loss and plant endemics. Over ninety- five percent of the regions forests have been destroyed, which leaves lone(prenominal) about five percent of the certain forest argona cool it standing in that locationfore, the Indo-Burma forests are the most vulnerable forests globally. The Indo-Burma forests are positioned in the middle of floodplains, lakes, and rivers.These various waterways give off life and prosperity, allowing richness in biodiversity as well as resources. This region is home oh number of the largest fresh water fish, bird, and tump oer species. There is also, an assortment of ecosystems embodied in this hotshot, comprising of dry evergreen, irritated evergreen, and broad-leafed forests. There are also several patch es of woodlands and scrubbings on karts limestone ridges, some in costal lands as well as dispersed heath forests. Additionally, a broad ramble on of distinct, restricted vegetation developments, including seasonally flooded grasslands, sea-level floodplain swamps, and mangroves.This vast biological diversity is a result of topographic interaction, soil hegemonies, climate change, and seasonal rainfall patterns. The plant species are profusely diverse with 13,500 vascular plants estimated with about half of them being endemic. The flora of forests range from a variety of ginger and orchids ( everyplace 1,000 different orchid species found in Thailand alone) to tropical hardwood trees including Disintegrations (teak) and Dipterous (which happens to be commercially valuable).The animal species are even more widespread as Indo-Burma is continually unmasking biological treasures. In the last twelve years, the following six age mammals have been discovered The Salon, the inanimate Mo untain, the Large- Antlered Mountain, the Leaf Deer, the Grey Swanked Doc, and the Inanimate Rabbit. There are approximately 430 mammal species residing in the region over seventy species and seven types are endemic. Over 280 amphibian species are found in the hotshot, but there is not high level of endemics outside of the genus level.The region has noteworthy freshwater fish creatures there are over 1,260 recognized species (about 10% of the worlds constitutional freshwater fish). There are more than 1,260 bird species with over 60 being endemic. The floodplain wetlands and the rivers are absolutely essential for bird species preservation since population numbers have declined due to human expansion and hunting. The reptile population is one of the more prevalent species of the region. Almost 520 species of reptile lie there which more than 200 species being endemic and twelve genera.This Indo-Burma hotshot carries perhaps the largest assortment of freshwater tump overs globally there are just 53 species (57 including tortoises), signifying 20% of the worlds species. A popular species is the Chitchatted, a striped narrow-headed overturn with a soft-shell, which can grow up to about 120 centimeters. These species are decreases in number as well, mostly due to the over developing on behalf of wildlife trade. Of the 22 non- marine turtle species that are endangered, almost half of them are found in the Indo- Burma region.Other prominent reptiles include the Ellipsis butterfly lizard, the Chinese crocodile lizard, and the Siamese crocodile. Humans have crackingly impacted life for the animals, however, and the boilersuit environment. Indo-Burma was actually one of the primary lands used by humans in the development of agriculture Hereford, fire has been used more and more over the years to clear out land needed to fit unpolished needs and other human demands. As demand for agricultural goods has skyrocketed over the past years due to population and market e xpansion, forest goal became widespread.Huge countrys of lowland forests soon became replaced with tree plantations (oil palm, teak, and rubber), while hill forests and Montana were endanger by sugarcane, coffee, tea, and vegetable crop plantations. In addition to plantations, forests become endangered by mining for ores and gems, firewood collection, charcoal production, and logging. The marine ecosystem simultaneously became under great pressure in many areas due to development. Draining for the cultivation of wet rice has damaged freshwater wetlands and floodplain swamps (mainly in Vietnam, Thailand, and Manner).The damming of rivers have also become way more prevalent in efforts to generate electrical energy and maximize water storage to support the economic growth of the orbit as well as for exportation of goods and services to bordering countries to increase conflicting exchange income regrettably, damming a river not only converts that small body of bird feeder into a la rge pond, but it decreases the oxygen content and overall temperature, as well as in amplifies water turbidity down the river and river-bed erosion.The useable measures of the reservoir has resulted in sporadic or frequent flooding of smoothbanks, stretches of transmit assortment, sandbars, and other territory that is generally uncovered during dry season severely impacting turtle species and nesting birds. Mangroves in the region have been transformed to aquaculture ponds, while mudflats have been comprehensively afforested with mangrove or shed by piles of nets, which greatly effects their significance as a feeding habitat for migrating birds and other specimen.Furthermore, ecosystems of sand dunes are in severe danger due to forestation, and overfeeding along with excessive use of destructive fishing methods have produced a considerable conundrum with both the offshore and coastal aquatic ecosystems. Being that only 5% of natural habitats are left in a pristine pronounce an d 10%-25% of damaged land due to habitat loss and exploitation of resources, something had to be done to decrease the probability of omelet extinction of the forests. In the Indo-Burma hotshot, protected area structures have become the foundation of government saving program.There is officially 236,000 km of land protected, representing nearly ten percent of the original amount of vegetation in the region. Conversely, only 132,000 km (almost six percent) is in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (ICON) protected area categories one to four. Together, the countries of Lower Mekong (Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Ala P. D. R. ) have above 13 percent f their territory contained by an arrangement of protected areas.A fine approach to ensuring that the system of protected areas effectively preserves representative biodiversity is by securing the species that face the sterling(prenominal) danger of extinction globally. Endangered species worldw ide are shielded outdo by targeting preservation investment to the sites in which they are prevalent these areas are known as key biodiversity areas (Kbps). More efforts towards the conservation of the Indo-Burma forests are currently in the making and there are many organizations and individuals that are tidal bore to contribute.

Reverse Osmosis for Wastewater Recycling Essay

Reusing set waste water supply for dependable purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, or groundwater basin replenishment, is increase in response to environmental and economic concerns. One of the key factors manifold in recycling wastewater word plant (WWTP) effluent for another(prenominal) single-valued function is the need to cast down total dissolved solids (TDS). This is very much do by using a reverse osmosis (RO) dodge, which relies on pres for sure derived function to force a solution (in this case, water) with a tissue layer that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side. eon extremely effective on biologically treated wastewater, RO systems need to be coupled with an effective pre word system to avoid common issues that passel contri juste in system failure, including plugging, fouling, and marking. One of the around effective pre word options for wastewater a pplications is membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology, in which a membrane process like ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration is feature with a hang growth bioreactor. MBR rears gamey role feed water to the RO, minimizes remnant and the comprise of civil works, and reduces treatment plant downtime, thereby minify operate cost.Koch membrane systems PURON go down MBR technology has successfully been apply as the pretreatment option for challenging industrial and municipal water reuse RO systems, and stinkpot help make water recycling technologies more cost-effective. Reverse Osmosis Systems deport Challenges for Water Reuse Pretreatment methods argon critical when designing RO systems. For example, RO membranes used for most water reuse applications contain a brine spacer, typically do of low density polyethylene mesh netting. If there is a high level of suspended solids in the feed water, this brine spacer fucking snuff it plugged.Another issue is the high levels of organics contained in many biologically treated wastewaters, which are rejected by the RO membrane and progressively concentrated as the water flows across the membranes. This concentration of organics muckle foul the membrane, especially towards the RO system outlet. Biofouling can also occur, because the organics in wastewater make an excellent food source for microorganisms. Also, some treated wastewaters contain high levels of bacteria, so biogrowth whitethorn occur quickly even if RO feed water is disinfected.Finally, calcium phosphate scaling can cause problems with RO systems operating on some wastewaters. The scaling can be mitigated by operating at set out water recovery, using acid or other antiscalant to minimize scaling, or modifying the operating conditions of the WWTP to reduce the amount of phosphate in the RO feed. These plugging, fouling, and scaling issues hatch that the RO system needs to be operated at higher(prenominal)(prenominal) pressures, leading to inc rease power usage, increased chemical cost for cleaning, and a shorter membrane life.How can these challenges be minimized and boilersuit water reuse system lifecycle be reduced? Effective pretreatment of the feedwater before it flows through the RO system is the answer, provided that the pretreatment measuring rods are chosen carefully to ensure that the RO system can work as intended. Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment Options There are many different pretreatment options, and the best for a typeicular process supposes on power, chemical, labor and land cost, wastewater source, and the subsisting wastewater treatment system.Conventional Pretreatment The conventional effluent pretreatment scheme cogency be primary treatment, biological treatment and, the most crucial part of the process, solids-liquid separation using secondary clarification. The conventional sedimentation process often doesnt re touch off enough bacteria and suspended solids, so mainstay filtration whitethorn b e added to improve the solids-liquid separation and provide higher quality water to feed the RO system. utilize ferric chloride along with the sand filtration may enhance solids and organics removal.However, upsets in the secondary clarifier can lead to effluent with higher levels of TSS and BOD, causing plugging of the brine spacer with suspended solids and organic fouling. Also, power consumption for RO systems with this type of pretreatment tends to be high, and membrane life is often quite short. Lime-softening has been sanely more successful in protecting the RO membranes, but this increases operating costs and does not totally prevent fouling of RO membranes.Ultrafiltration Improves Suspended Solids Removal As RO Pretreatment more of todays water reuse systems use an ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatment step to emove suspended solids. These systems typically use dig up fiber UF membranes, which do an excellent transaction of providing water with low suspended solids to feed the RO system. However, the UF system is an extra treatment step, requiring special memorial, and adding to operating costs. The UF system may also be unprotected to upsets from a conventional WWTP, which can further increase its operating costs. Membrane Bioreactor As RO Pretreatment With an MBR, the UF membranes are submerged in the activated sludge to accept the biological step and the solid-liquid separation into a single process.The membrane acts as a barrier, which improves the effluent quality. The MBR eliminates the secondary clarifier and does not rely on gloominess for liquid-solids separation and so allows the activated sludge to operate with a higher complex liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration. The increased MLSS concentration reduces bioreactor tank volume, saving footprint and capital construction costs. Overall, the MBR process reduces footprint significantly compared to the conspiracy of conventional activated sludge followed by sand filtration or ul trafiltration.The footprint savings due to the wastewater treatment plant alone can be as much as 50 percent, along with additional footprint savings from eliminating other filtration steps. Using MBR technology also simplifies the overall treatment train, minimizing the number of unit operations. Benefits Of Koch Membrane Systems PURON MBR Technology Koch Membrane Systems PURON submerged hollow fiber UF module offers robust, cost effective solutions for RO pretreatment. The patented membrane module contains hollow fibers, the put down ends of which are fixed in a header.The upper ends are individually sealed and are free to move laterally, as shown in Figure 1. The PURON module is submerged in the mixed liquor. All solids and particulates remain on the outside of the fibers while permeate flows in an outside-in pattern by means of a vacuum that evacuates permeate through the inside of the hollow fiber. The free moving fibers, combined with central line of reasoning scour aeratio n, ensure stable filtration during plant operation, long membrane life, and lower operating costs due to reduced need for energy, cleaning and maintenance.PURON MBR has been used successfully as the pretreatment step for a number of challenging industrial wastewater systems. For example, a Belgian firm that manufactures chemicals for film processing and notion uses large amounts of fresh water for cleaning and production. The firm began reusing its wastewater to reduce its fresh water costs, and selected an RO system to produce water with the low season and nitrogen content required for its process. The firm installed a PURON submerged hollow fiber MBR as the pretreatment step prior to the RO, and the system has been operating successfully since 2005.Another example is an Australian malt-producing company that sought to reduce its use of fresh water by recycling its wastewater. PURON MBR technology was selected as the pretreatment step for the RO system, since it provided the best quality water to feed the RO while minimizing overall operating costs. The MegaMagnum RO system recovers the MBR effluent as product water for reuse. The system has been trail since 2006. In fact, the RO permeate quality is equal to or better than the local potable water supply. Space & Cost ConsiderationsTreatment operation footprint is a primary consideration in developing the best treatment system. Since the PURON MBR system reduces the volume of the bioreactor tanks and eliminates the secondary clarifier, the footprint for an MBR process is much small than tertiary filtration steps with sand filtration or UF. If space is limited, MBR may be the only pretreatment choice that fits in the available space. Other considerations include costs of land, civil works, equipment, power, chemicals and labor, and the payback period used.High land and civil costs tend to favor MBR use. For large municipal treatment facilities requiring RO as a final treatment step, an MBR should compare f avorably to conventional wastewater treatment as a pretreatment step prior to RO. In a 20-year abstract the municipality should realize savings in RO membrane replacement and power as a result of the MBR pretreatment step. For an industrial company looking at a short payback, the preference for conventional or MBR technology will depend on the relative cost of civil works and land versus the equipment cost. ConclusionsUsing RO systems to reclaim and recycle wastewater effluent is growing rapidly, and Koch Membrane Systems PURON MBR technology is now being considered as the pretreatment option for an increase number of industrial and municipal reuse applications. The PURON submerged membrane modules provide high quality feed water to the RO, minimize footprint and the cost of civil works, and reduce the susceptibility of the RO treatment train to upsets. PURON is a brand of Koch Membrane Systems GmbH and is registered in Austria, Benelux, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Oman , Saudi Arabia, Spain, Taiwan and the United Kingdom.MegaMagnum is a registered assay-mark of Koch Membrane Systems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Wastewater Recycling for the muffin Fabrication Industry As a stone fabricator youre looking for a wastewater treatment system that keeps you in compliance, but wouldnt it be nice to save some bullion besides? Thats where our wastewater recycling and treatment systems come in. These zero trial, disagreeable loop systems collect the water you use for polishing, cutting, and other processes cleans it thoroughly, and recycles it so you can use it again.Your wastewater is never discharged into the public system during this process, so you have no chance of being out of compliance. Between the money youll save on non-compliance fees and the reduced cost of your water bill, the return on your investment will be substantial. And because we use the most durable, well-designed components on the marketplace in each wastewater recycling system, you can be sure this system will run efficiently for as long as you need it to.We even design and manufacture some of those components in house, including * strain presses * Clarifier systems * Chlorine dioxide generators * Control panels * More The solid, smart construction of our zero discharge wastewater recycling systems results in a wide variety of beneficial features, including automation options, expandable filter presses that can accommodate your business as it grows, the ability to accommodate flow rates for 10 GPM 200 GPM, the ability to filter solids water down to below 1 micron, and more.

Crime and Wheel Conspiracy

Conspiracy is an bargain in the midst of or more persons to engaged jointly in an sinful or criminal act, or an act that is innocent in itself but becomes unlawful when done by the combination of actors. (Dictionary, 2013) There atomic number 18 three antithetic types of conspiracy that can be present during a criminal situation. The showtime is called a Wheel Conspiracy, which involves one person as well as a group of mint that participate in separate things that are considered illegal where a shared purpose is present between the people in the group. Legal, 2013) For example Rudy working for Ron who is one of the biggest bosses in charge of the drug cartel in Miami Florida was asked by Ron if he would confront one of his buyers for notes that was owed to him and if the money was not present he was ordered to kill him. Rudy did what he was asked, because Rudy did this he was involved in a wheel conspiracy because he is technically considered the middle-man.He is the one th at is doing the crime but at that place is an agreement between him and Ron who is in charge of the operation and he is protecting Ron by doing his dirty work. Another form of conspiracy is called Chain Conspiracy, this is or so likely to involve some type of drug transaction and there is a series of people that are involved. (APSU, 2010) For example Eric meets with the distributor hoot to pack up a pound of cocaine and meets with John and Ed to transport it to Ron that has made an agreement with the distributor for it to e sent. If they are caught during this bear upon this would considered a chain conspiracy because you have the distributor that is involved, the person that is wadding it and the people that are transporting it all involved in this crime. Another is called combine Conspiracy occurs when the hub has very few organizers with multiple objectives and the chains vary well in length. (Flax, 2005) For example the gang MSU which is located in many areas of the un ited States have committed many murders.A local gang genus Phallus is taken into custody because there were six dead bodies found in NYC. The investigations could not prove as to whole exactly was responsible for these crimes we clean knew that MSU was responsible for the crime. This is considered a combination conspiracy because there are in like manner many gang members that are involved and there is no clues or hints that are leading to the leaders of the gang.

Public Education in the Old South: 1790-1860 Essay

wiz of the approximately singularity elements of the Enlightenment was the pervading missionary zeal for reform. Whereas Reformation zeal had g cardinal into ghostlike fervor, the en consequentlyiasm of the Enlightenment was directed at reform of on the whole kinds of institutions and was nonionized into campaigns for the aid of the weak, the short, the persecuted, and the unfortunate. Fed by the liberalism that came from Eng attain in the upstart s compensateteenth and archean(a) eighteenth centuries, the propaganda for popular enlightenment found its climax in France in the middle and posthumous eighteenth ampere-second and became the ideological forerunner of the French Revolution.Appealing non simply to the growing intellectual and middle physiquees, the reformers similarly worked hard for the on the whole(a)eviation of the conditions of the masses of the tidy sum. A bang-up increase in the agencies of composition information in any casek the form of stark naked books, pamphlets, newspapers, journals, encyclopedias, debates, scientific academies, libraries, and museums. The fight for civilised liberties, for unearthly and g overnmental quitdom, and for popular cultivation, the appeal to the natural rights of man as a fixst privilege and tradition laid the basis for our occidental heritage of add-on democracy.Look muchsatire in the importance of being capaciousing essayIn this struggle usual culture as we distinguish it had its birth. bringing up in southward Superfici tout ensembley at l easterly, lofty railer education flourished in the antebellum South. thither were several(prenominal) half-dozen severalize universities and numerous hush-hush colleges. In 1850, the South had 120 colleges and universities, as compargond with 111 in the North. Taking into bankers bill the gigantic piece of grey jejunenesss who went to such northern institutions of higher nurture as Yale and Princeton, the South could touch with pride to the number of its collegetrained youth. further southern colleges were smaller and more meagerly bear outed than those of the North, and the educational standards were of a demean order. The University of Virginia, founded in 1825, was a center of classical learning and was free of sectarian controls, but virtually of the colleges and universities were controlled by matchless or an former(a) of the religious denomi body politics. The South had a considerable number of secret academies for the sons of the well-to-do, and common high trains were increasing in number prior to 1860.There were state-supported common land directs in some states, though only North Carolina and Kentucky had not bad(predicate) domain take remainss. But reluctance to face task r veritable(a)ue and a prevalent feeling that it was the work of the individual to see to the education of his own children were barriers to the growing of exoteric education. There were uncouth area s where the poorer classes had pr doingically no educational opportunity. A large part of the snow-clad universe of discourse of the South was illite browse, and a considerable number of the intendters never learned to translate and write.The organization of normal procreation was considered capable, and only capable, of regenerating this nation, and of establishing practical virtue and republi washstand equality, it is one which provides for all children at all times receiving them at the earliest age their parents aim to entrust them to the national care, feeding, clothing, and educating them, until the age of majority. Propositions of John Howland John Howland proposed to the General conclave of the State of Rhode Island on the last Monday in February, A.D. 1799. In his Petition he proposed that all the children so adoptive should receive the like food should be rationalizeed in the same simple clothing should experience the same kind treatment should be taught (until t heir professional education commences) the same branches in a word, that nothing savoring of inequality, nothing reminding them of the pride of riches or the contempt of poerty, should be suffered to enter these republi derriere safeguards of a young nation of equals.Howland further proposed that the destitute widows child or the divest boy should share the exoteric care equally with the heir to a princely estate so that all may become, not in word but in deed and in feeling, free and equal. hence may the spirit of democracy, that spirit which Jefferson labored for half a century to plant in our soil, become universal among us thus may luxury, may pride, may ignorance, be banished. Howland also proposed that the food should be of the simplest kind, twain for the sake of economy and of temperance.A Spartan simplicity of regimen is comely a republic, and is best suited to preserve the health and strength unimpaired, even to old age. The propriety of excluding all di consoleed o r fermented liquors of every description perhaps, also, extraneous luxuries, such as tea and coffee, might be beneficially dish out with. These, including wine and spirits, cost the nation at pre direct about fourteen millions of dollars annually. Are they worth so much?Thus might the swearword of our land, intemperance, be undo-not discouraged, not lessened, not partially curedbut destroyed this newfangled Circe that degrades the human race below the beast of the field, that offers her poison loving cup at every corner of our streets and at every turn of our high fashions, that sacrifices her tens of thousands of victims yearbook in these states, that loads our country with a tax more than qualified to gift twice over for the virtuous training of all her children-might thus be deposed from the foul sway she exercises over freemen, too proud to go bad to a foreign enemy, but not too proud to hold over beneath the iron rod of a domestic curse.Is there whatever other method of tearing up this monstrous evil, the s plentydal of our republic, extraction and branch? About other details he said that the dress should be some plain, convenient, economical uniform. The silliest of all vanities (and one of the most expensive) is the bureau of dress. Children trained to the age of twenty dollar bill-one without being exposed to it, could not, in later deportmentspan, be taught such a folly. The food and clothing might be chiefly raised and manufactured by the pupils themselves, in the exercise of their some(prenominal) occupations. They would thus acquire a taste for articles produced in their own country, in preference to foreign superfluities. below such a outline, the poorest parents could afford to pay a moderate tax for distributively child.They could better afford it than they can now to support their children in ignorance and misery, provided the tax were less than the lowest rate at which a child can now be well-kept at home. For a day school, thousands of parents can afford to pay nothing. In his historical presentation he further proposed that under such a organization, the pupils of the state schools would obtain the various offices of public trust, those of representatives, &c. in preference of each others. If so, public opinion would soon induce the most rich and the most prejudiced, to send their children thither however tiny they might at counterbalance relish the idea of giving them equal advantages only with those of the poorest class. Greater literal advantages they could not give them, if the public schools are conducted as they ought to be. familiar Education in Pennsylvania In the two decades in the first place the elegant fight public awareness was shaped by the zeal of devoted crusaders Horace Mann and total heat Barnard in the East, Calvin H. Wiley in the South, and Caleb Mills in the west. Through their educational journals, reports as educators, or appeals to legislative bodys, they drew attenti on to needed reforms. The Lyceum movement, founded by Josiah Holbrook in 1831 made the advancement of education, especially the common schools, its principal business. To its lecture platforms came Edward Everett, enthalpy Ward Beecher, Wendell Phillips, and Abraham Lincoln. Teachers institutes, like that of Onondaga County.A De rightare journalist and school thatched roofer, Robert Coram felt that society, by means of the organisation of public schools, should teach everyone how to make a living. Each was to be taught the rudiments of the English language, writing, bookkeeping, mathematics, natural history, mechanics, and husbandry. He favored apprenticeship regulations binding youth out to the trades or professions. literary discussions were a regular feature at his schoolhouse. The necessity of a reformation in the country schools, is too diaphanous to be insisted on and the first step to such reformation, will be, by turning private schools into public ones. The schools shoul d be public, for several reasons-1st.Because, as has been before said, every citizen has an equal right to subsistence, and ought to piss an equal opportunity of getting knowledge. Because public schools are easiest maintained, as the bur thus falls upon all the citizens. The man who is too squeamish or lazy to get married, contributes to the support of public schools, as well as the man who is bur thened with a large family. But private schools are supported only by heads of families, & by those only while they are interested for as soon as the children are grown up, their support is withdrawn which makes the employment so precarious, that men of susceptibility and merit will not submit to the trifling salaries allowed in most country schools, and which, by their partial support, cannot afford a better.Public schools then established in every county of the United States, at least(prenominal) as m each as were necessary for the present population and let those schools be support ed by a general tax. Let the objects of those schools be to teach the rudiments of the English language, writing, bookkeeping, mathematics, natural history, mechanics and husbandry-and let every disciple be admitted gratis, and kept in a state of subordination, without respect to persons. Public enlightens in Virginia The first step toward the establishment of a public school system in Virginia was made in 1810, when a bill was passed by the legislature providing for the creation of the literary Fund.The act ordered that all escheats, confiscations, fines, penalties and forfeitures, and all rights accruing to the State as derelict, shall be set aside for the encouragement of learning. Tylers father was governor of the commonwealth at this time, and it was probably in reaction to his recommendation that this law had been enacted. An act was passed the next year by which the Literary Fund was set apart for the purpose of providing schools for the poor in any county of the State. T he fund had grown continually from the beginning, and on Tylers accession had reached an amount detailed less than $1,400,000. The annual income from this fund was about $70,000, more than two-thirds of which ($45,000) was utilize for the education of indigent children. In this way 9,779 children were given a small(a) schooling as a public charity.The governor indicated cracking dissatisfaction with this plan of public instruction. He maintained that only a small number of the youth were reached by it and that it was of little benefit to them because of the irregularity and uncertainty of the system. In some instances a school would be open for a hardly a(prenominal) months, and in others a year. But it a great deal happened that by and by the children had made a good start in the primary branches, the school would be discontinue and the pupils would be returned to their parents to forget what they had already learned. He might also extradite added that the aid given indige nt children ca employ them to be looked gloomy upon as paupers by their fellow pupils.It is quite likely that in many instances the intellectual gain under such a system was offset by a spiritual loss resulting from the development of a sense of inferiority in the beneficiaries of these charity schools . Moreover, this method of instruction was more expensive than it should rescue been. By drawing a comparison between the educational system of saucily York and that of Virginia he showed that the populate of the former commonwealth were getting a great deal more for their money than were those of the latter. Virginia needed a public school system (the message went on to state) not for poor children alone, as was then the case, but for all classes.And it was particularly desirable that the children of the great middle class should be given the means of education . As a reform for these unsatisfactory conditions he proposed that the counties be divided into school districts and in each a permanent school be established, under the management of trustees pick out by the deal. This school should be directed by a adapted instructor. Attendance should be absolutely free or else the tuition send out should be low enough to afford all the children an opportunity for an education. This was a well-meant gesture in favor of a public school system, but it proved to be an empty one. There was one contraband defect in the plan it did not give tongue to an adequate system for financing the scheme.The governor recommended that expenditures from the Literary Fund be suspended until the accumulations had change magnitude to the point at which the interest would be sufficient to finance the schools. unsloped what should be done during this period of waiting he did not suggest. shoal for the poor during the interim would either realise to be suspended or provided for out of county levies. A public school system worthy the piddle could not have been established in Vi rginia at that time without supplementing the income derived from the Literary Fund by a substantial revenue raised by taxation. Tyler did not have the boldness to recommend such a plan. At one time it looked as if the governors scheme of public education, with certain modifications, would be put into effect promptly.Resolutions favorable to the idea were adopted and a bill embodying the principles laid down in them was reported to the sign of the zodiac of Delegates. This bill, however, was laid on the table, and no further action on it was taken during this session of the legislature (or at least no mention of it can be found in the Journal). Apparently, nothing was later done to carry out the governors suggestions. A good deal of shoes in the governors message was devoted to internecine improvements. He made specific recommendations as to improvements in the means of communication by the construction of roads, and locks and dams on the James River and other streams, with a v iew to connecting the east more closely with the west.He pointed out that a considerable particle of the State lying west of the Alleghany Mountains, though rich in soil, was in certain regions almost in a state of nature. The citizens there could not reach the capital without going out of the State and using theodolite facilities furnished by other States. It was not a matter of surprise, therefore, that the billow of emigration had passed around this area and gone farther west. Two roads should be opened up from the western borders of the State to the Valley region. There was also considerable ill feeling between the eastern and western sections of the commonwealth, and this sectionalism could be destroyed by the proper means of communication. some other reason given for the States speeding up its improvements in land and water transportation was that in so doing it would take outside(a) the excuse of the Federal government for expending money on internal improvements in the S tates. In this way a great political stake would be averted. For, as he considered, more danger is to be understand to the State authorities by the exertion of the assumed power over roads and canals by the general government than from almost any other source. It holds out the tender of the strongest bribe which can be offered to a people inhabiting a country yet in its infancy, and which invites the exertions of man to its improvement in almost every direction. Let the State meet these demands and accustom the people to look to the State instead of the United States government for these improvements.Tylers presidentship mustiness have been broadly implyed as successful, as no one appeared against him when he came up for re-election December 10, 1827. He received all the votes shape but two, which were scattered. One of the last of Tylers recommendations (made on February 1, 1827) was in regard to the journals of the legislature. These records had been carelessly looked afte r, and the proceedings of three important sessions had been lost. Some of the journals were in hologram and others were out of print. He suggested the reprinting of those that were out of print and of placing complete sets in the public offices and among the chief literary institutions.So far as the companionable and ceremonial functions of the office were concerned, Tyler performed them admirably. He was especially well fitted by education, training, and purification to play the rble of social leader. George Wythe Munford, who, by virtue of his position as gross revenueclerk of the House of Delegates, was in close touch with official life in Richmond, considered Governor Tyler exceptionally happy in the performance of his duties at the decision maker mansion. Rise of Public Education Legislative provision for a state- long system of public education made its appearance in Pennsylvania, in 1834. This act, largely permissive in nature, did not come about without a long and ardu ous struggle against considerable opposition.Indeed, its future was in doubt until the throng passed the law of 1836, which afforded a permanent basis for a system of universal education in Pennsylvania. It was not until 1849, however, that legislation was enacted requiring each of the States school districts to establish public schools. Upon the foundation of common schools, the public high school arose. For the greater part of the nineteenth century it was the academy preferably than the public high school from which the colleges recruited the bulk of their students. In fact, the proponents of the academy after 1850 argued that preparation for college was the legitimate function of the academy alone.As the high schools change magnitude in number, and the academies suffered a corresponding decline, the colleges want a closer reconciliation with the public school system. According to an editorial in the Pennsylvania civilise Journal, one of the objects in establishing the Coll ege Association of Pennsylvania, in 1887, was in substance, to promote the common interests of the Colleges by securing harmonious action and cooperation in all matters pertaining to the general wellbeing of these institutions, and also to labor for closer identification with the public school system of the State. This latter question was brought to the front, at the second session of the meeting by a rather aggressive paper read by president Magill, of Swarthmore.Before the meeting finally adjourned, ample evidence had been given of a sincere desire to co-operate with the public school agencies of the State in effecting a proper and, if possible, an organic bond of union between the Common Schools and Colleges. flatness and Opposition to Public Schools Before the Civil War, the development of public schools languished throughout the South. Here, the experiences of Virginia and Tennessee are probably representative. While Thomas Jefferson had unsuccessfully sought the establishme nt in Virginia of a tax-supported system of universal common-school education as early as 1779, both state and local support for schools was meager during the ante-bellum age.Public schools were considered primarily as schools for paupers, for the support of which men of billet were not given over to tax themselves. Nonetheless, the smaller farms, less sharp social distinctions, and dearth of good private schools in the western counties of Virginia (including modern west Virginia) made public education a vital sectional issue, culminating in the provision for increase financial support for Virginias common schools in the constitution of 1851. redden so, during the 1850s public education in Virginia continued to suffer from distraction of the states school funds and their diversion to other uses. The state of Tennessee entered the Union too early for its schools to benefit significantly from public land policy.By 1806, when provision was at last made by interstate highway compa ct for reserving onesixteenth of all future land grants in Tennessee for the use of schools, little unclaimed land of much agricultural value remained. Subsequent sales of the residual public lands to provide a fund significantly labeled for the education of the poor yielded very little revenue. By acts of 1830 and 1838 the legislature sought to supplement the state school fund from non-tax sources, but the fund showed little growth. It was not until 1854 that Governor Andrew Johnson of East Tennessee pushed through the act in which Tennessee compel her first state taxes and authorized the first county taxes for the support of education. This legislation delineated a narrow victory of the yeomanry of East Tennessee over the wealthier planters of the rest of the state.The resulting public schools were still not able to hold their own with the private and denominational schools favored by persons of means. During the Reconstruction years immediately following the Civil War, both Vir ginia and Tennessee enacted some much-needed educational reforms which partially survived the later return of the ex-Confederates to political power. In 1869, a carpet-bag constitutional convention in Virginia adopted a new state constitution which provided for the establishment of free schools throughout the state. Under this constitution, the Virginia assembly created in 1870 the first plan of general public education in the states history and provided for state property taxation and authorized local taxation for school purposes.During the next decade, despite dangerous political and financial obstacles, Virginias public schools made considerable take place but no more than held their own from 1882 until the constitution of 1902 awakened a renewed interest in improving the states public-school systems. Meanwhile, educational policy in Tennessee had taken a similar course. In 1867 the cornerstone legislature of Tennessee (which was dominated by East Tennesseans of Union loyaltie s) enacted the most liberalist educational measure in state history, providing a sound financial basis of property and poll taxes for public-school support. With the return of the ex-Confederate Democrats to power in 1869 this act was repealed, and a new act abolishing all supervisory school offices and abandoning all property taxes for schools made all responsibilities for common schools both local and voluntary.The new constitution of 1870 repaired part of this damage and, with the tide for tax-supported, free schools running too strongly to be curbed, the Democratic legislature of 1873 substantially re-enacted the school law of 1867, which still remains the parent act for the states modern public-school system. The cause of public education after the Civil War was not without prominent supporters. That Virginia aristocrat and great American, Robert E. Lee, declared that the thorough education of all classes of people is the most efficacious means for promoting the prosperity of the South. Walter Hines Page wrote in 1896 that a public-school system generously supported by public sentiment, and generally maintained by both state and local taxation, is the only sound means to develop the forgotten man and the forgotten woman. Nor was the Negro excluded by some, such as Clarence H. Poe, who declared in 1910 that we must . . .frame a scheme of education and training that will keep the Negro from dragging down the whole level of life, that will make him more efficient, a prosperity-maker. . . . we must either have the Negro trained, or we must not have him at all. Untrained he is a burden on us all. . . . Our economic law knows no colour line. Yet a great southerly educator, Edwin Mims, had to note sadly in 1926 that the Southern States still have a great mass of un improved people, sensitive, passionate, prejudiced, and another mass of the half-educated who have very little intellectual curiosity or independence of judgment. If some of the Souths intellectu al leaders agreed with such indictments of the products of regional education, in doing so they turned their fury on the public schools.Woodward, for example, has shown how the Redeemers-who took over the leadership in state and local government with the restoration of self-government to the South-took retrenchment as their watchword and frankly constituted themselves as the champions of the property owner. In the process, public education, which bore the stigma of carpet-bag sponsorship and raised the unpleasant physique of the ubiquitous horse-faced Yankee schoolmaams of the bitter Reconstruction years, was first to suffer. Governor Holliday of Virginia considered public schools a luxury . . . to be paid for like any other luxury, by the people who wish their benefits. Successful Launch of Public School System in South In the Deep South the analphabetism of the people and the neglect of education were perhaps more distressing than in the Upper South.A Committee on Education of the Louisiana legislature reported, March 22, 1831, that there were approximately nine thousand white children in the state between the ages of ten and fifteen years but that not one third of that number received any instruction whatever. tabun was the one of the earliest states to found a state university and had academies for the well-to-do, but it sadly neglected the education of the masses. Not until 1877 did the state finally establish free public schools. Liberal laws permitting counties to tax property for school purposes, which had been enacted in the late 1830s, were repealed in 1840. Governor George W. Crawford declared in 1845 that not half of the counties utilize for their proportion of the state funds for free schooling.8 As late as 1859 Gabriel DuVal, Superintendent of Education of the State of Alabama, reported to the governor that close one half of the children of the state were not attending any school and were growing up in ignorance . The census of 1850 seeme d to indicate that the Southern States were even retrograding in literacy. The returns from Virginia, for example, showed the presence of seventy-seven thousand and five adult white illiterates as compared with fifty-eight thousand, seven hundred and eighty-seven in the forward census. This increase could probably be explained in part by the more careful and accurate enumeration of the census takers of 1850. According to their report the Southern States had an illiteracy ratio among the native white population over twenty years of age of 20. 30 per cent, the Middle States 3 per cent, and New England . 42 per cent.Superintendent De Bow pointed out that so excellent was the New England school system that only one person over twenty years of age in four hundred of the native white population could not read and write, as compared with one in twelve for the slavery states, and one in forty for the free states as a whole. numerous reasons have been advanced to explain this widespread i lliteracy of the South. The aristocratic stead, contractable from England, that it was not necessary to educate the masses, changed slowly in sections of the older South like Virginia and South Carolina. Certainly the isolation characteristic of Southern life with its scattered homes and indescribably bad roads did much to hinder the dispersal of education.Fully as important as these factors was the reluctance of the people to tax themselves. Governor Swain in his message to the legislature of North Carolina in 1835 said that the legislature was in the habit of imposing taxes on the people amounting to less than one hundred thousand dollars annually. Of this sum, half was spent in rewarding the legislators for their services, while the remainder was employed in paying the administrative officers of the state government. The individualism of the Southern people was also a stay to the establishment of a comprehensive system of public education. It was regarded as the duty of the i ndividual and not of the state to see that his children were educated.When Governor Gilmer of Georgia wrote garner to the most distinguished men of his state for their opinions on public education, he stated his own position in the words The policy of reservation appropriations by the Government to effect objects which are within the means of individuals has constantly appeared to me to be extremely questionable. Joseph enthalpy Lumpkin, later to become Chief judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia, replied that he opposed scattering the state educational funds of twenty thousand dollars for common schools, but that they should be used in developing the university. The most promising youths from each county should be sent to the university and soon every foreigner will be dislodged from our academies. The mental attitude of the various classes of Southern society toward education was admirably analyzed by Joseph Caldwell, President of the University of North Carolina, in a series of Letters on Popular Education published in 1832. He pointed out that so invincible was the aversion of North Carolinians to taxation, even to provide for the education of poor children, that any proposal to establish a public school system supported solely by taxation would be doomed to failure. He also described the position of many of the illiterate or semi-illiterate as proud of their ignorance of book learning. From another angle, he portrayed the attitude of the rural communities toward book learning by showing their contemptuous disparagement of the profession of teaching school.With bitter satire he described the unfit part of men who had been recruited by the profession in North Carolina Is a man constitutionally and habitually indolent, a burden upon all from whom he can extract a support? Then there is a way of shaking him off, let us make him a schoolmaster. To teach a school is in the opinion of many little else than sitting still and doing nothing. Has any man wast ed all his property, or ended in debt by indiscretion and misconduct? The business of school keeping stands outlaw(a) for his reception and here he sinks to the bottom, for want of capacity to support himself. sluggishness toward education on the part of the lower classes was undoubtedly due to material illness and to a false sense of pride.Travelers in the ante-bellum South often referred to the sallow, unhealthy appearance of the poor whites and to their addiction to eating clay. These clayeaters, sand-hillers, and crackers were in many cases the victims of hookworm, which sapped their energy and deprived them of ambition. In the lowland regions and in river valleys malaria and the acute accent wrought great havoc in the health of the poorer classes, who remained in their habitations throughout the year. Furthermore, many destitute farmers were deterred from sending their children to such public schools as were provided because of their inconsistency to make the required dec laration of poverty.The mountain whites who looked upon all outsiders as furriners, favourite(a) to remain in ignorance and to cling to their more primitive ways of life The educational needs of the upper classes were fairly well met by the private academies and old field schools. A group of neighbors would form a circuit board of trustees for the proposed school and apply to the legislature for an act of incorporation. They would then build a log or frame schoolhouse and hire a teacher, oft a Northerner who had recently graduated from college. Some of these academies attained a wide and well-deserved reputation for training eminent men From a selfish point of view, the upper classes, who could send their sons to exclusive Northern schools, or at least to private academies and old field schools in the South, had little incentive to support a movement to educate the common people by voting taxes for that end.From 1840 to 1860, however, the Southern States were slowly awakening to the need of free public schools. One of the most eloquent and influential voices for popular education during these years was that of Henry A. Wise, sexual intercourseman from the Accomac district of Virginia. In 1844, shortly after his retirement from Congress to become Minister to Brazil, he delivered an earnest speech to his constituents advising them to tax themselves to educate every child at public cost. He showed that more than one fourth of the adult whites in Accomac district (consisting of twelve counties) could not read and write, and that the number o