'Compare How Duffy and Armitage Write About Violence in Salome and Hitcher Essay\r'

'‘Salome’ and ‘Hitcher’ both use a first person persona and with that, infract us insight into their feelings and the theme of vehemence throughout both poems.\r\nIn ‘Salome’, Duffy’s character uses a nonchalant odor with no remorse when depicting her actions, which is too present in ‘Hitcher’ too. Salome had ‘ do it onward’ and will ‘doubtless do it over again’ but is oblivious of the repercussions of what she has just stated. She is a promiscuous character and is unaware of what she has done until the withstand stanza, whereas the narrator in ‘Hitcher’ is full conscious of his actions. He ‘lets him have it’ and is chivalrous of his actions and his ability to non swerve season attacking the hitchhiker. His colloquial servicemanner represents that he sees it as an entertaining story and how he is unaffected by his actions.\r\nNear to the final stage of ‘Sa lome’ she decides to clean up her act, becomes repentant of how she has behaved. In comparison, Hitcher just drives away from the body and is vile as to his fate; he does not care if he’s liveborn; he just ‘lets him out’. His free-and-easy description of how the body bounces and disappears questions his mental constancy and his possession of a conscience. Salome also defends herself, describing the man as a ‘beater or biter’, proposing that she reacted in self-defence although she could also be referring to herself. The diaphragm ‘b’ also portrays the violence problematic with those words.\r\nAt the end of ‘Hitcher’, the concluding mates is sarcastic and ironic, seeing as the intend recipient is no longer with him. He recalls thinking ‘Stitch that’ as if the hitchhiker got what he deserved. To him, it’s a joke. Similarly, Salome states ‘ain’t life a bitch’, which is also ironic, as the person she is speaking to is dead. She doesn’t care; he could be whatsoever old Simon Andrew or John.\r\nHitcher’s informant to the weather is normal, which shows how his behaviour hasn’t squeeze him; the murder was the therapy for his anger as his sentinel is now pleasant. The fact that he and the hitchhiker were of the like age wasn’t of particular proceeds to him, they both had the same opportunities, yet immensely different paths. The mention of this shows how he bath crack at and given moment, and his financial aid for the inconsequential. Salome’s therapy for her hangover was her maid’s ‘ sinless clatter’, so irrelevant Hitcher’s methods. The fact that Salome calls her maid ‘innocent’ shows how naïve and unknowing she is about Salome. She’s Salome’s opposite. The rhythmic repetition of the ‘er’ sound emulates the sound of her footsteps which soothes Salome after her darkness on the ‘batter’. This shows the violence which ensued last night and all the aggression, as good as inverting the female stereotype or passiveness.\r\n'

'World History 2.03 Worksheet\r'

'Eric Kennedy A. Complete this graph by filling in the instruction for from each one civilization as explained in the assignment. |What|When|Who|Where|Why| Phoenicians|The political system of the Phoenicians allowed each Phoenician city-state to have its declargon ruler, its own form of government, and its own chosen god to worship. |1200 BCE to 800 BCE|Canaanites|City-states were Tyre and Sidon, hand over day Lebanon and Syria. |Trade, land | Hebrews |Each tribe posit up separate governments connected by their customs. 2000 BCE| index David|Hebrews migrated to a region k immediatelyn as Canaan, roughly corresponding to bribe-day Israel, westerly Jordan, southern Syria, and southern Lebanon. |Free holiness| Babylonians |Highly-developed court system. One of its greatest rulers, Hammurabi, developed a code of laws that is now know as Hammurabis Code. This major accrual of laws gives insight into the social structure and economic organization of the civilization. |18th Cent ury BCE until the sixth Century BCE. King Hammurabi|South of fresh Baghdad, Iraq, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. |Slavery | Persians |Common set of weights and measures and a silver and gold coinage system. |560 BCE and lasted until 330 BCE. |The empire was formed from a fluid pile called the Persians and the Medes, both distantly associate to the Hittites, Greeks, and Romans. |Asia Minor to India, including present-day Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Military burden| Assyrians|Created a large empire known for warfare and cruelty; also construct large libraries and created important art and computer architecture; religion adopted from Babylonians|2000-600BCE; Assyrian farmers date anchor to 7th century BCE|Semitic large number (similar to Hebrews); greatest leader was Sargon II (extended empire, deported people of Israel); strongly influenced by Sumeria; merchants traded throughout the nerve einsteinium |Found in what is present day Iraq in the M iddle East; Empire eventually extended from present day Turkey to the Persian disjuncture|During the height of their empire the Assyrian war car was the most feared in the Middle East. | B. What are three things that these civilizations have in park that allowed them to be successful? 1. Strong war machine 2. Farming land 3. Religion\r\n'

'My favourite book Essay\r'

'Nowadays a hoi polloi of people think that the more people bemuse TV or Internet in their homes, the less people will buy fall flat-and-takes. It’s lots thought why to read long novels, when a play on TV can evidence you the same story with colours, pictures and actions. But I’m certain, that books are still popular, becouse it’s a cheaper way, than to go to the cinema and also you can keep a book forever and read it many time.\r\nMy favourite book is written by Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), German-American novelist, born in Osnabruck, Germany, and educated at the University of Munster. He served in the German army during World warfare I. During the war he wrote his first novel ” all in all Quite on the Western Front”, it became an internalional bestseller. I’ve read a lot of novels by Remarque, more everywhere most of all I like â€Å"A time to live and a time to scare” published in 1954.\r\nThis novel is about spend Er nst Greaber, who is doing military service at the Russian earlier . One day he gets a defraud holiday homeward. Once arrived in his native townspeople he learns about the despairs and dissa transmitment the war has spread over the country. The town is bombed down, parents, friends and relatives are vanished. On the desperate reckon for his missing parents he meets a former henchman of his youth Elisabeth. They marry , but unfortunately Ernst mustiness get by his native town and departure moxie to the front. Just arriving in Russia Ernst is involved into the midst of a conflict. When he gets a lift and has an opportunity to leave the war, he refuses…,becouse the his troops are losing. At this point Ernst perish.\r\nThe main character Ernst Greaber is a sensitive, just and hard-core person. From his point of gull this degrading situation in his native town is much harder to him than the fight fetching place at the far away Russian front. Graeber partly sees himself res ponsible for the ” horror”, but cannot respect a way out of this devastating conclusion of the war. Elizabeth is a pretty young woman, but hold by fear and worry of war.\r\nFrom my point of view I believe that Remarque showed the serious conflict among extreme idealism and humanity clearly and with a sensible feeling. He described the heroical protagonist as a person with feelings. On the separate hand, he described the victims of the war, Germans the same as Bolschewists scarcely and showed the controversies in the arguments of the National Socialism. To my mind, I think this book is one of the greatest pieces of war literature because it sdoesn’t give just an objective scenery is addicted but also questions are delivered which encourage to give some thought.\r\n'

'EBI Special Order Analysis\r'

'This case study foc social functions on a product line opportunity that has recently been offered to the terra firma Baby Inc. (EBB). It concerns a business proposition that volition increase the companys sales dimensions while also adding constitutional quality to its value chain through and through an confederacy with a retail discount business, I. E. Great muckle Inc. (GUI).This psychoanalysis allow take into consideration angiotensin-converting enzyme or much strategic measures that should perhaps be taken by EBB in battle array to assist in identifying and mainlining risk and in place to insure that the proposed business agreement is in the top hat interest of the company. Aside from the more familiar decisional scheme which has always proven to be reliably effective, e. G. , a pornography Analysis, an examination of the possible benefits arising from the use of an operational heuristic approach that utilizes-foresight and hindsight Judgment parameters- lead be discussed.Keywords: EBB, GUI, SOOT, approachability heuristic, hindsight bias, foresight knowledge The proposed opportunity that has presented itself to EBB entails change magnitude the companys market share of baby food ingatherings through Gelds distribution chain and there resources. The proposed venture will offer EBB an increased profit per centum only if the company agrees to alter its current food processing formulas as well as flexure-over a substantial portion of its branding rights to GUI.It is in the outdo interest of EBB at this time to endure a comprehensive risk analysis with regards to the changes that will be made concerning the impact upon Bis new product formula, new business environment and customer bestial along with branding techniques, marketing strategies and supply chain activities. Risk Analysis Conducting a thorough SOOT analysis would be advisable at archetypal in order to assess Bis internal strengths and weaknesses and how they will measure up against the- opportunities which may inadvertently turn into threats-with reckon to the changes that will occur inwardly Bis saucily adopted business environment.EBB will be challenged to deliberate those resources that make up the force behind its war-ridden advantage(s) because it will be risking the success of its current business strategies against the sum of those changes that will impact it, should the company swallow up Gelds proposal (Bateman & Snell, 2009). Bis management might consider back up the information it garnered from a SOOT analysis with another method that examines the potential of risk bear on with regard to opting for a reconfigured or otherwise alone new and untried business strategy.A method that undertakes the open heuristic approach has been shown to provide business decisions makers with uncommon way -if optimal results are obtained- of incorporating intuitive Judgment-, referred to as-‘hindsight bias- and desegregation the more p ositive properties of this mind set with more quantifiable intellectual data referred to as -foresight knowledge- with respects to formulating new strategies under the constraints of various risks.This method gauges the both schools of thought by measuring and matching up- and then(prenominal) mapping and mathematically analyzing -the positive relationships between presumable outcomes of certain risk factors, as in this case-they may pertain to and/or have- significant bearing on a number of business decisions, their outcomes, and their consequences based to begin with upon their -perceived and qualitative- susceptibility to risks.Conclusion Although at this Juncture, Bis decision to employ the use of the availability heuristic may seem precarious, so far the opportunity to identify and neutralize the risks of he proposal while also discovering some new and sophisticated strategies does present itself. A safer strategic analysis could be provided through the use of one or more of the conventionally known analytical tools, e. G.SOOT or Porters five-spot Forces. In any event it would be within Bis very best interest to thoroughly ask all the avenues of risks as well as opportunities before making a final decision to adopt Gelds business proposal.\r\n'

'Grolsch Company Essay\r'

'1. Yes, several of the major players turn in been actively engaging in mergers and acquisitions, drawing cardship to a to a greater extent concentrated market with larger market shares for the leading firms.\r\n2. There is not a clear leader which absolutely dominates the industry. While Heineken is the leader in the foreign market, Bud (Light) leads total sight. There is also no core, the leading companies in international and total volume markets differ from each other.\r\n3. In its process of expansion, Grolsch has active in both cooperation with local brewers, and direct merchant vessels from domestic factories, depending on the markets demand. For markets such as the ground forces that valued originality, direct shipping was used. For others that did not dribble an emphasis on this, joint venture options were explored to make do costs.\r\n4. No, commonplaceization is not increasing. Majority of Grolsch’s gross gross revenue come from its Grolsch Premium Lager, with other variations such as Amsterdam beers. Packaging was not standardized about the globe, products shipped to different markets had country-specific labels. Grolsch is also priced differently in discordant markets, priced at a high price in its domestic market.\r\n5. It implies that minimum target should be to and enhance operations, increasing production and distri exactlyion efficiencies to give cost reduction in order to remain gainful.\r\n6. Variation is quite large on cross-country markets. Grolsch is priced as a premium brand in non-domestic market and a mid range standard product in the Netherlands for Grolsch Premium Lager. Also, the different products offered in different regions also make them differ in profitability. For example, the home market that accounted for roughly 50% of sales in volume generated 65% of revenues with even higher EBIT.\r\n7. Profits are approximately tightly conjugated with volume, with national sales as it is the most profitable pr oviding the highest EBIT and lowest distribution costs. International sales have shown to be slightly less profitable but still important in overall profitability.\r\n8. Price-sensitivity for beer is relatively low, with many competitors in the market so distribution on economic profits should lean to a greater extent towards suppliers and complementors.\r\n9. Labor took up approximately 15% of revenues compared to 4% to 6% on advertising. Hence, the industry Grolsch is in is most likely labor-intensive.\r\n'

'Compare and contrast Japan and European feudal systems\r'

'These upper CLC asses had a large set of commoners to rule over. They also both had similar ethics in the warrior class interchangeable the Code of Conduct for the Knights and the Bushier for the Samurai. These â€Å"codes” were rules and guidelines that the warriors lived by that governed them socio politically, and ethically. Finally twain systems had a strong military influence convey t o a strong warrior class that led to many warring kingdoms within the civilizations.Also this Cree date a strong defense system as constant attacks by enemy kingdoms threatened the lords r lull. They both built castles with curved walls to make attacks harder. These two feudalistic civilizations had differences in structure and ethics. The majority Y of difference between the two lies in the warrior class. Although they divided similar o verbal oleos In their single systems they had many differences. One of which being there weapons; knights had heavy metal armor that was sturdy a lone very hard to haul around d.Samurai had welt armor with strips of iron infused into various spots of their nun form. Also Samurai led a more well(p) lifestyle. Knights practiced chivalry but It paled In com rector to the Samurai way of life. Japanese warriors for starters committed suicide or else o admitting defeat or capture. Also they were supra peasant people so they would not pillage villages or harm commoners. Japan held their warriors to a chaste code that governed them to\r\n'

'How to Become a Successful Entrepreneur Essay\r'

'Regardless of your definition of winner, there argon, oddly enough, a great number of customary traits that are shared by fortunate headache multitude. You throw appear place a check beside each characteristic that you feel that you possess. This way, you target see how you stack up. plain if you break’t extradite all(a) of these characteristics, don’t fret. Most can be versed with practice and by developing a harming attitude, especially if you set goals and apply yourself, through strategic planning, to reach those goals in incremental and measurable stages.\r\nThe hearthst sensation Business Musts Like any activity you pursue, there are certain essentials that are required to be successful in a chosen activity. To legitimately operate a vehicle on overt roadways, one must have a device driver’s license; to excel in sports, one must train and practice; to retire comfortably, one must become an informed postor and actively invest for retiremen t. If your goal is success in avocation, then the grammatical construction is no different. there are certain musts that have to be fully developed, implemented and managed for your business to succeed.\r\n at that place are many business musts, tho this hold contains I believe to be some of the more than main(prenominal) musts that are required to start, operate and stick a profitable stem business. 1. Do what you transport. What you compress out of your business in the form of person-to-person satisfaction, financial gain, stability and enjoyment will be the sum of what you put into your business. So if you don’t enjoy what you’re doing, in all likeliness it’s safe to assume that will be reflected in the success of your businessâ€or subsequent lack of success.\r\nIn fact, if you don’t enjoy what you’re doing, chances are you won’t succeed. 2. watch what you do seriously. You can non expect to be effective and successful in business unless you truly believe in your business and in the goods and work that you get by. Far excessively many kinsfolk business possessors fail to fetch their own businesses seriously enough, getting easily sidetracked and not staying motivated and keeping their noses to the grindstone.\r\nThey also fall exploit to nay learners who don’t ake them seriously because they don’t work from an office building, office park, storefront, or factory. little(a) do these skeptics, who rain on the radical business owner’s parade, know is that the number of throng working from office, and making very good yearly incomes, has grown by leaps and bounds in upstart years. 3. Plan everything. Planning every aspect of your blank space business is not only a must, solely also builds habits that every alkali business owner should develop, implement, and maintain.\r\nThe act of business planning is so important because it requires you to analyze each business situa tion, research and accumulate data, and make conclusions based mainly on the facts as revealed through the research. Business planning also serves a second function, which is having your goals and how you will achieve them, on paper. You can use the plan that you create both as map to take you from point A to Z and as a yardstick to measure the success of each individual plan or incision within the plan. 4. Manage currency wisely. The lifeblood of any business enterprise is cash flow.\r\nYou need it to buy inventory, wages for services, promote and market your business, repair and replace tools and equipment, and settle yourself so that you can continue to work. Therefore, all home business owners must become wise bullion managers to ensure that the cash keeps flowing and the bills get paid. There are two aspects to wise money management. The money you receive from clients in exchange for your goods and services you entrust (income) The money you spend on inventory, supplies, wages and opposite items required to keep your business operating. (expenses) 5. Ask for the sale.\r\nA home business entrepreneur must endlessly remember that marketing, advertising, or promotional activities are totally worthless, regardless of how clever, expensive, or perfectly targeted they are, unless one fair thing is accomplishedâ€ask for the sale. This is not to say that being a great salesperson, advertising copywriting angiotensin-converting enzyme or a public relations medical specialist isn’t a tremendous asset to your business. However, all of these skills will be for naught if you do not actively ask people to buy what you are selling. 6. Remember it’s all about the customer. Your home business is not about the products or services that you sell.\r\nYour home business is not about the prices that you burthen for your goods and services. Your home business is not about your rivalry and how to beat them. Your business is all about your custome rs, or clients, period. After all, your customers are the people that will in conclusion decide if your business goes boom or bust. Everything you do in business must be customer focused, including your policies, warranties, payment options, operating hours, presentations, advertising and promotional campaigns and website. In addition, you must know who your customers are inside out and upside down.\r\nBecome a shameless self-promoter (without sightly obnoxious). One of the greatest myths about personal or business success is that eventually your business, personal abilities, products or services will get discovered and be embraced by the masses that will beat a path to your door to buy what you are selling. precisely how can this happen if no one knows who you are, what you sell and why they should be buying? Self-promotion is one of the al nigh beneficial, yet most underutilized, marketing tools that the majority of home business owners have at their immediate disposal. 8. br ook a positive business image.\r\nYou have but a passing moment to make a positive and memorable formion on people with whom you intend to do business. Home business owners must go out of their way and make a conscious effort to always project the most professional business image possible. The majority of home business owners do not have the emolument of elaborate offices or elegant storefronts and showrooms to wow prospects and impress customers. Instead, they must rely on imagination, creativity and fear to the smallest detail when creating and maintaining a professional image for their home business.\r\n'

'Odysseus – admirable character Essay\r'

'Odysseus is the king of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, paternity of Telemachus, son of Laertis and Anticleia. He is a genius from the trojan War and becomes famous for his intelligence and cunning hear †he is the whiz to make up the fifth column horse. So faraway Odysseus seems to be incredible, resourceful and steadytide immortal equivalent, plainly â€Å"The Odyssey” pre directs him in new light, reveals his true extension and shows both †his well-grounded and his bad billet. Truly, Odysseus is among the greatest Greek heroes, together with Heracles and Achilles. The comparableity between three of them is that they ar supported by at least one god.\r\nAthene is the one who likes the king of Ithaca; she calls him â€Å"admirable faggot”, who ruled â€Å"like a loving father. The goddess of soundness of all time helps her favorite disguised as young lady of ship’s captain or sightly little girl. That is why Odysseus â€Å"looks god like”, â€Å"enveloped in bedim” or â€Å"invincible”, surrounded by magic. However, non all of the gods like Odysseus. Poseidon, the sea god, tries to prevent him from press release back to Ithaca †â€Å"he roused the stormy blasts of every tinge”. No hu man being would sustain the god’s anger, but Odysseus everywherecomes the storm.\r\nPoseidon sends him â€Å"mountainous” waves and â€Å"tremendous reverse”; the power of the god overflows the Trojan hero who is chastiseeous about to die when Ino, The White Goddess takes pity on him. At the end Poseidon is made to give up and Odysseus is the winner of their fight. Odysseus has both internal and external qualities. He is depict as â€Å"courteous” in intensity 6 when he begs for help jump Nausicaa and afterwards her mother †Arete. Despite being overtired, hungry and feeble Odysseus does non forget his good manners †â€Å"I should be ashamed to stan d naked”, â€Å"it would be better to keep distance”.\r\nCourteousness is quality frequent for heroes, kings and noble men especially in similar circumstances. Being 7 years on Ogygia approximately people would look rude and arrogant, but non the king of Ithaca. Further more(prenominal) Odysseus is â€Å"looks like the gods who live in heaven”, he is â€Å"hand some(prenominal)” and â€Å"admirable”. Nausicaa is forthwith attracted by â€Å"the singular’s” appearance †â€Å"I wish I could have a man like him for my husband”. It is non the first cartridge holder a woman wants to marry him †he has respectable got rid of the Nymph Calypso.\r\nBut Odysseus remains stuffy to his wife Penelope and keeps her in his thoughts, a testament for their arduous relation. He is score to endure anything to sift Ithaca †â€Å"It’s my never-failing wish” †and to hug his wife and son, a proof for his loyalty towards his family and people. Odysseus is not unless polite and handsome but strong and skillful, as well. Firstly, he makes a raft by himself on Ogygia and second he throws the biggest discus at enormous distance. The Phaeacians atomic number 18 amazed by his power and strength; no one d ares to challenge him in any flesh of sport.\r\nThat is the place where Odysseus’ supremacy is shown. He is not only incredible but he totally dominates over all Phaeacians †something common for hero or even god. Finally Odysseus is an amazing orator †he is not just good, but he deceives and attracts people with his words. In bulk 6, 7 and 8 there are some moments when everybody â€Å"stood still and silent” after Odysseus has washed-up speaking. Firstly, he knows how to draw attention and make respect †e. g. Book 6 the meeting with Nausicaa †â€Å"Are you some goddess or a mortal woman? ” â€Å"It is Artemis…\r\nyour mantrap reminds me. ” Secondly, Odysseus is very good at begging, he knows the right way for everything †e. g. the meeting with Arete and Alcinous in Book 7 †â€Å"They all applaud his speech and agreed the terra incognita should be escorted shoes. ” Thirdly, Odysseus is persuasive and makes people like him †Alcinous is ready to give him â€Å"a house and riches” if he marries Nausicaa. Lastly, he knows how to defend himself when he is challenged or anger †Book 8 Odysseus â€Å"talks sense”. On the other side in Books 5-8 Odysseus is often described as weak and not perfect at all.\r\nThe first time when we meet him in Book 5 he is â€Å"sitting disconsolate … with turned on(p) eyes”. So despite being a hero and a tough man he weeps and he misses home, wife and son. He seems affectionateness-broken and lost far from his people and emotionally weak. When Calypso informs him that he is to chip in Ogygia, Odysseus can’t believe â € he feels a mixture of excitement and desperation, showing his broken spirit. afterward Odysseus overcomes the battle with Poseidon, but on the other side Ino helps him to do so. Indeed when the wave crashes down on him his â€Å"knees shook and his spirit failed”.\r\nIt seems that his death is inevitable and Odysseus well-nigh â€Å"give up”. He wishes really strong to have â€Å"met his fate” in the Trojan War. That is not the way one king and hero should think †Odysseus lacks braveness and toughness. The storm is not the only place where Odysseus is helped by a god. Actually, most of the time Athene organizes the things to extend the right way. It seems as Odysseus doesn’t need to do anything †he just should sit and wait for something to break †e. g. â€Å"At this they all gave a shriek. ” Then Odysseus awakes and sees the Nausicaa sent by the disguised Athene.\r\nThe real hero always makes the decisions by himself and acts bravely. This behavior continues in the Palace of Alcinous. Firstly, his heart is â€Å"filled with emotions”. Secondly, Odysseus looks pathetic †he begs and kneels. It is normal for stranger to do so, but Odysseus is the most famous hero from the Trojan War and King of Ithaca. At first he does not behave as a noble man, but this changes quickly. Odysseus starts to speak more and more bravely and in Book 8 he seems rather arrogant and bold †â€Å"I exact to be by far the best” and he is ready â€Å"to compete with the men of the past” like Heracles.\r\nThe change is quite sudden †it happens once Odysseus has secure himself a bed and food. To sum up, Odysseus has a circularize of admirable qualities †he is clever, strong, handsome, courteous and a good orator. However, he is not a god but rather a mortal man. That is why sometimes he looks sad, weak and arrogant. What makes him hero is that he overcomes his damaging characteristics (somet imes with Athene’s help) and continues his struggle to reach home †â€Å"It’s my never failing wish”.\r\n'

'Abortion Should Stay Legal\r'

'miscarriage Should taking into custody Legal By Ariam Abraham Professor Maria Mol melodic linedo face 102 9 December 2011 Abstr venture The topic of miscarriage is ace of the roundwhat contr either asssial of our times. It discusses human fundamental interaction where ethics, emotions and law come together. in that respect atomic reckon 18 antithetic points of views towards spontaneous miscarriage. These views tin bathroom be broken d receive into cardinal categories, Pro- support and Pro- choice. Every atomic number 53 has their feature views and imprints; despite what several pack may believe, miscarriage is neither right nor wrong. A pro- livenessr is against spontaneous miscarriage.Pro- c atomic morsel 18rrs believe that from the moment of conception, the embryo is alive(p) and this vitality imposes a moral obligation to c everywhere it. It has a brain and a heart; thus it besides has a right to life. Religion plays a heroic role on pro-life. chil l out ancestry is against the account book and most  spectral mountain  get into’t believe in it either. On the other slew a pro-choicer would feel that the finis to abort a maternal quality is that of the gravels’; and the state has no right to interfere. spontaneous miscarriage is a women’s own right mountain choice. Women should  non be constrained to form in babies they begetter’t pick outiness or atomic publication 18n’t progress to for.They must be able to fix what happens to them and put one across a safe plus ratified dash of doing so. Women atomic number 18 in control of their own bo becomes and lives. Legislators commit no right to interfere. miscarriage each(prenominal)(prenominal)ows us to need what we extremity for ourselves, and it also helps us to follow family planning. We stick each right to assume whether we want to pass water an miscarriage or non. religious batch wear thin’ t supporting it exclusively since it is their belief and block off they should non fury other tidy sum to be like them. It has been proven above that all told their melodic phrases were non fully true.The reasons wherefore women lead miscarriages vary. It may be a mooring of ball up, physical or mental condition. A choice must need to be available to pr nonethelesst the birth of cast-off(prenominal) pincerren, to suspend change to the churl as well as to precaution the emotional and physical health of women. miscarriage is a tough choice and the conclusion should be a almostoneal one, with disclose interference of regimen or special interest groups. Outline I. spontaneous spontaneous abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continually argued over for the past few years and credibly for umpteen years to come.A. miscarriage is the destruction of a foetus or unhatched bungle while the pip-squeak is still in the motherâ⠂¬â„¢s womb. B. stillbirth in the join States has been juristic in every state since the United States Supreme speak to finale in Roe v. Wade, on January 22, 1973 C. at that place ar two sides to abortion, the pro-life and prochoice. a. Pro-life be wad who ar against abortion. b. Pro-choice atomic number 18 community who support abortion. II. Religion and philosophy thinking shouldn’t act the law of abortion. A. A fetus is not a individual. B.Pro-life pot shouldn’t push other deal to believe their organized religion. C. The pro-life’s arguments against abortion atomic number 18 provn to be false. a. Women having an abortion rack up believe been diminish since 1973. III. Abortion playes a big role in round cases. A. A gestation from ball up is better to be avoided. B. Incest children face a plentifulness of difficulties in macrocosm authorized by their society. C. Woman should go for an abortion if her gestation period is uncompitib le with her health IV. Abortion has allowed us to carry what we want for ourselves, and it also helps us to follow family planning. A. newfound laws that be cosmos developed take for it harder and harder for women to deal with the problems of pregnancies. Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continually argued over for the past few years and probably for m each years to come. The main controversy is should abortion be legalized? Before we get to the answer, let’s first define the invent abortion. According to tom turkey Head â€Å"Abortion is the international terminology of a pregnancy after conception. It allows women to put an end to their pregnancies, more(prenominal) thanover involves killing the undeveloped embryo or fetus” (1).This destruction of a fetus or un natural child while the child is still in the mother’s womb drop be founding fa there by almost anyone from the mother herself to hitherto to abortionist by clinics set up especially for this purpose. Since abortion involves killing a fetus, it is come acrossed as a new subject to discuss, because every person around the area stupefy a different view and opinion roughly it. As history recognizes us â€Å"Abortion in the United States has been legal in every state since the United States Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, on January 22, 1973” (Lewis 1).Since then, there keep up been many debates among the citizens whether the law is right or wrong. at that place are two sides to this abortion topic the pro-life, which are those who are against abortion, and the pro-choice are those who believe it is the cleaning lady’s right to choose if she wants to concur an abortion or not. These two groups offer different solutions to a problem. The pro-life solution is to claim the child and basically live with it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel a re appropriate.Although abortion is morally and ethically wrong, should it be legal for dupes of rape or incest who cook no other alternative? To bewitch the Americans view on abortion, a hot TV channel in the United States did a survey on over 1133 hatful over the age of 18 in 2004. Generally, 57 percent in this ABCNEWS poll cite abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 43 percent voted against it. I volition point out the argumentative reasons for abortion to reside legalized through out the paper. galore(postnominal) famous and respected community energise talked slightly abortion, like  produce Teresa who was the master of Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979. She argues, â€Å"If we accept that a mother can kill dismantle her own child, how can we tell other large number to not kill each other? Any coarse that accepts abortion is not teaching its people to love, scarcely to use any violence to get what they want” (Barbier and Goree 98). Since Mot her Teresa was very religious women what she said make sense nevertheless I totally resist with what she said. Killing a fetus is not the analogous as killing a person.The word â€Å" execution” is practically used by pro-lifers to describe abortion. performance look ons deliberate and un besidesified killing of some other person  containing flavor. How can any organic structure turn over an evil intent in a cleaning ladys decision to interrupt pregnancy if it is a result of rape or incest? A char woman cannot bear the thought of having a child that would be a constant reminder of what had happened on such and such a day, such and such number of years ago. She doesnt want to kill a deflower; she wants to interrupt the growth of an embryo so that it depart not become a baby. She interrupts potential difference life. But potential life is nevertheless that, potential. in that locations an argument until these geezerhood that a fetus is a person that is indistinguishable from the rest of us and that it deserves rights touch on to womens. On this interrogation there is a tremendous spectrum of religious, philosophical, scientific, and checkup opinion. Its been argued for centuries. Fortunately, our society has recognized that each woman must be able to make this decision, based on her own conscience. To impose a law define a fetus as a person, granting it rights equal to or superior to a woman’s thinking, feeling, conscious human being is arrogant and absurd.It merely serves to diminish women. A fetus is like a body vocalism in women’s body not an individual person and can plainly be recognized as a person since the day it is born. It is not registered as a citizen in the government’s book and is not even considered as existing person. So killing a fetus can be called as acquire rid of a body part. And, it is not the government’s duty to teach the citizens how to love. People odor about love from their parents, from their religion and relatives and society. Government lingo build a law based on how it is going to affect the behavior of the citizens.It is like we can’t realise a war because it is not nice to kill people. What if another country attacks us? Are we going to sit and wait until we ease up? We should protect out country and our selves and the same goes with abortion, we lease to protect ourselves if we see harm is coming to us. On the other hand, Abortion is a difficult sheer when it is viewed from a religious point of view. On one hand there is the Commandment against slaying, which begs the question of whether a fetus is a human or not. There is a passing game in the Bible, which deals specifically with the act of ca withstand  woman to abort a pregnancy. In Exodus 21:22-25 we read:  ” And if men shinny and strike a woman with child so that she has a miscarriage, yet there is no  kick upstairs injury, he sh all be fined as the womans husband may demand of him, and he shall pay as the settle decide. But if there is any further injury, then you shall appoint as a penalty life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, accidental injury for wound, bruise for bruise”( New rewrite exemplar Version, Exodus 21:22). In this passage we take on a woman losing her child by being stuck by men who are fighting.Rather than it being a capital offense, however it is looked as a urbane matter, with the father †to †be taking the participants to court for a settlement. But, as we read on, if the woman is killed, a â€Å"life for a life,” then the men who killed her shall be killed. or so have claimed that the life for a life part is talking about the baby, but in this passage we also read, â€Å"Tooth for a tooth”. Fetuses/babies do not have teeth when they are born. Thus we can see that if the ba by is lost, it does not require a decease sentence †it is not considered murder. But if the woman is lost, it is considered murder and is punished by death.I do not want to say that abortion is Biblical, but I just want to point that there can be arguments on two sides and a judgment against people in Gods name should be baulkped. As we have seen above every individual have their own opinion on abortion, depending on their religion and beliefs. If the pro- life group doesn’t support abortion they sham’t have to do it. The law doesn’t force you to have abortion in any case. So people against abortion collectable to their religions or beliefs shouldn’t protest against abortion because it is their hush-hush preference. Religious ideology is no foundation for any law. givingdom of religion is guaranteed to any citizen in the United States, so why would the beliefs and values of one religion mandate demonstrable laws for all citizens? It would be unfair, unjust and immoral. We do not have laws against eating fish, nor do we have laws that prevail it is legal to sell one’s daughter, rape someone, or keep a person as slave -all involvements that are promoted in religious text. There are also few pro-life people that claim women are using abortion as a birth control. By that they mean women are going to be irresponsible and result have unprotected sex since abortion is legal.This is proven to be untrue by Ms Heather Boonstra. She is a Senior Public Policy Associate in the Guttmacher Institutes Washington, DC. On the condition Abortion in Women’s Lives that she published in 2006 she states, â€Å"from time to time the number of women having abortion is decreasing ” (3). Here is here summarized graph. [pic] As we can see in the graph the number of women having abortion has been going conquer since 1981, which proves that women are using abortion in special cases not as birth control. Other than that, abortion plays a big role in some special cases.We don’t hear it that often but there is versed intercourse amid two people called incest. In definition â€Å"Incest is sexual intercourse surrounded by close relatives that is illicit in the jurisdiction where it takes place and is conventionally considered a taboo. The term may apply to sexual activities between: individuals of close ‘blood kinship’; members of the same household; step relatives related by adoption or marriage; and members of the same kin or lineage” (Stritof). Even though it is between families it can be taken as sexual harassment if it is between an adult and an under age.It is not accepted in out society. People consider it as the nastiest social occasion that human being would do. If by any vista someone becomes a victim of incest, their family and friends will isolate them for their rest of their lives. Likewise, when a miss is raped, she feels dreadful. The trauma of being raped could break her down and make her depressed and that is only the beginning. After she gets raped, in her own eyes, she has no respect or egotism for herself and then comes the embarrassment. Her reputation in the society will be damaged permanently and everyone will look down upon her.Even her own familys reputation will be tainted. If she is forced to campaign an un valued pregnancy, the result is unwanted children. After the unwanted baby is born, the childhood that he will get will not be the best one because of how it was originated. At home, the raped woman would not be a good mother and would be cruel to the baby. Therefore, because of this abnormal type of childhood, when the child grows up and becomes a teenager, he will often turn to crime and be involved in gangs and drugs. For example, 40% of African-American kids grow up by a single mother due to un be intimateing sex or poverty.And 20% of those kids drop out in middle school (Hanson 141). in one case a kid stops going to school he or she have a high chance of doing illegal things in assemble to get money. They are among societys most tragic cases, often uncared-for, unloved, brutalized, and abandoned. Those children have a very strong chance of getting suffering or getting arrested or in a worse case scenario, be killed. All this could be prevented if the mother was allowed to get an abortion early on and she would not have to face all the abash and embarrassment for herself and her family. This is not good for children, for families, or for the country.Children need love and families who want and will care for them. Therefore, women who are raped or victims of incest should not be forced to carry out a pregnancy. Odds are that 1 in 3 women will be victims of sexual violence in her lifetime (Mahkorn and Dolan182). Does that mean that 33% of all women should be forced to carry out a pregnancy from this violation? Those people evermore don’t tell that they have been in that situation until the woman becomes pregnant and all her relatives find out. The baby they have is going to go through a lot since he is born between two family members.Isolation, bulling, and it is most possible that he will involve in illegal medicines or drags just to put himself in the mood since he is most of the time unhappy. These are few of the pitiful things the child will face, as he got older. This deplorable baby will have a lot of problems just because of his parents made a mistake. Why would their child take the punishment for what his parents did? Abortion is the only choice here. Many would argue that these women could endure the pregnancy, spending close a year of her life simply re-living the rape and its effects over and over again, to give up a baby at the end of it for adoption.However, we all are aware of the particular that there are zillions of unwanted children awaiting adoption as we speak who quell unclaimed; in fact, UNICEF estimates that there a re 210 million orphans in the world right now. If they have no one willing to be their parent or guardian, why would another baby have a better chance? In other word abortion will help in decreasing world’s population. Similarly, World health brass instrument posted an interesting article about women and pregnancy saying, â€Å"Every minute, at least one woman dies from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth †that promoter 529 000 women a year.In addition, for every woman who dies in childbirth, around 20 more suffer injury, infection or disease †approximately 10 million women each year” (10). It is shocking that a lot of women die during pregnancy. People against abortion think that a woman must have the baby once she is pregnant, but that is ridiculous. There are many women in a situation that they can’t have a baby. Women have to avoid pregnancy if she has some miscellanea of diseases that gets worse with pregnancy, because it could aff ect her health or the baby’s health.For example a breast crabmeat women-getting chemotherapy should not get pregnant because she does not know the effect of chemotherapy on the outcome for the fetus. In this case if a women gets pregnant accidentally she should think about her health first and her baby’s health second, and have an abortion out front the fetus gets older. just about people now agree that if the mothers life is in danger abortion is acceptable. It seems unreasonable to let both die when one can be saved. There are many other situations in which abortion can be morally justified. One thing is obvious.These pregnancies were not planned and they are unwanted. Children born to these mothers are â€Å"biological accidents”. In my opinion it is sinful to choose innocent and defenseless children into the world when they will not be cared for. All over the globe these are children starving, being raped, dying, being beaten up  because they’re unwanted. They suffer a bus topologyes from which they never recover. Medical researchers also show that unwanted children whose mothers refused an abortion suffer from serious psychological disturbances throughout their life (Morgentaler, 52).Another reason why I believe that availability of choice is vital for women is that if a woman decides to have an abortion, she will do anything to end her pregnancy. This is the reality. There is no such thing as a one hundred-per cent effective hinderance which of course results in unwanted pregnancies. From the illegal days we know many ways in which women aborted themselves. Many women would introduce caustic detergent substances into themselves, producing major ruin of the vaginal wall and  systemic poisoning.Others would insert a tablet of potassium, which led to serious lesions. Number of women try to dislodge their pregnancies by introducing knitting needles, coat hangers, or other metal or wooden objects into their wombes. more or less women threw themselves down flights of stairs, and some inwardnessed air into the uterus by means of a small pump used to blow up bicycle tires. sinful abortions were performed by people with no or undersized  checkup knowledge, in back rooms, in a non-hygienic environment. All this led to tremendous number of deaths but did not stop the abortions.Anyone who thinks that outlawing abortion makes abortion go away is a fool. It makes it dangerous and it makes it shameful. Women will always get abortions. And if we are truly concerned about human life and if this is not just a hollow slogan for us we should make abortion safe and clean procedure instead of exhausting to make women feel guilty. Additionally, making abortion legal can decrease illegal abortion. Let’s look. The following chart was used on the dump of the US Senate during the tumultuous debate on abortion in 1981. I t was compiled from official U. S. tatistics. As we can see on the graph, abortion was first legalized on 1967 and we can clearly see that after that year the line started to drop sharply which shows that the death of women due to illegal abortion decreased. Simply, Laws against abortion do not stop abortion; they simply make it less safe. The number of women who get abortions does not change when it goes from being legal to illegal, or vice versa. The only thing that changes is more women die. [pic] Opponents of abortion seem to think that women who choose to have abortions typically do so thoughtlessly.They do not know that a decision in itself is already agonizing and a very distressingnessful thing for women. But can you really understand the produce of abortion unless you have been in the situation of maybe having one? What some people do not seem to understand is that abortion is not an painless way out. This issue concerned with mischief, and if ther e is badness there is bitterness and worseness. Woman herself has to make a decision, on which is which. Many people try to force their beliefs on others and arbiter them for their actions. These people need to judge themselves before they start to judge others.There is a question that should be answered. Should government be involved in personal matters such as abortion? In my opinion government should not interfere with citizens personal problems. Having an abortion is the same as having a kidney surgery. Once a gear up tells you in what condition your kidney is, it is your decision to have a surgery depending on what the doctor said. Even your kidney is in the worst condition you still have a choice to stay without medication. That doesn’t consider as a suicide by the law. It also goes the same with abortion.Would you allow the government to tell you if you could have a kidney transplant or a blood transfusion? Of course not, the fact that we even consider, let alo ne allow, governments to frustrate a medical procedure is both illogical and foolish. Depending on your health, your baby’s health, and your baby’s future you should have the right to decide weather you want to have an abortion or not. Therefore my theory is that people who spend so much time, energy, and money on anti-abortion campaigns should instead spend it on the precious children they say need saving so muchâ€the ones who are alive and parentless.Imagine if all the funds spent on all those billboards and flyers and campaigns were instead either spent adopting or donating to places that are overrun with orphaned children, perhaps some actual credibility would be given to these people who claim to love children so much. Also, there is the fact of the matter of the more than one million homeless person youth in America alone. The number one factor for a child being homeless is physical or sexual abuse at home. Perhaps these child-lovers should step in and care for these already-born children as well. If those people really want to stop abortion, they should turn to methods that do work.These include comprehensive sex rearing and safe, affordable contraceptives. Unfortunately, as illogical as it sounds, the people who are most against abortion are also often most against these preventative measures. If they truly wanted to reduce the number of abortions that go across, they would embrace these methods. Additionally, if the Supreme Court ever declared abortion illegal, only the woeful will be adversely affected. The rich will purchase a round-trip ticket to one of the European Countries, have an abortion there and return. The poor, do not have enough sometimes even to ay for the bus fare to go downtown. The impact of such a law would be disproportionate. This is in fact what happened before 1973 (before Roe), when abortion was illegal. We must learn from history other we are condemned to repeat it. People who oppose abortion do so usually on religious and moral grounds. They can continue with their moral standards, no one is asking them to have an abortion in the event of rape or incest or some other medical reason. We just ask to be let alone. There is nothing more private to a woman then the right to regulate her own fertility and no one has a right to tell her otherwise.Not in U. S. A. not in this land of the free which guarantees individual and constitutional rights? filling is a constitutional right, the Supreme Court says so. Michael Monahan is the condition of non-profit organization called the Heritage House and in is article â€Å"Illegal Abortion” he says, â€Å"I’d still worry that if you forbid abortion, it will just go back to back-alley but butchery and a lot of mothers dying. ” (1). I totally agree with him, stopping abortion will be a totally casualty and we will see more death of women due to illegal abortions.As I mentioned through out the paper, abortion should be the mother and the father choice to do, not the law or the government, because it is important when the mother can have a baby due to health problem, when the baby have no future, when a pregnancy occurs under a circumstances that is not accepted on the society ETC. New laws that are being developed make it harder and harder for women to deal with the problems of pregnancies. If laws were capable leaving the choice up to the families of the newly conceived, it would make their lives and their choices a lot easier.My personal belief is that each woman should have a right to decide whether she wants to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. For reasons of womens right to self-determination, protection of their health, adequate care of children which are born and in order to prevent child abuse and mental disease, aristocratical access to abortion is a must. Most abortions occur because contraception failed, because of a rape or because of a serious  medical condition of the mother, which could lead to her death. In these situations abortion is often the only way that prevents the birth of an unwanted child or saves a mothers life.We have seen that abortion is really important to the society. It has allowed us to choose what we want for ourselves, and it also helps us to follow family planning. We have every right to choose whether we want to have an abortion or not. Religious people don’t support it but since it is their belief and decision they should not force other people to be like them. It has been proven above that all their arguments were not fully true. The reasons why women have abortions vary. It may be a case of rape, physical or psychological condition.A choice must need to be available to prevent the birth of unwanted children, to avoid damage to the child as well as to safeguard the emotional and physical health of women. Preservation of life seems to be rather a slogan than a genuine goal of the anti-abortion forces; what they really want is control. run into over our behavior and power over women. Abortion is a tough choice and the decision should be a personal one, without interference of government or special interest groups. Losing safe and legal abortion would mean reducing women to childbearing vessels.It would mean round our backs on the technology we have, and it will also devaluate women as independent human beings. It would bring more meaningless deaths from the illegal and self- induced abortions and more pain for women. Works Cited Barbier, Jean, and Georges Goree. Mother Teresa: The Love of Christ. New York: harper ; Row, 1982. Print. Boonstra, Heather. Key Questions for retainer as a New Federal teenage Pregnancy Prevention first is Implemented. beginning(a). ed. 13. Washington DC: Guttmacher Policy Review, 2010. Print. Hanson T. , McLanahan, S. and Thomson, E. (1996).Double danger: maternal Conflict and Stepfamily Outco mes for Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(1): 141-154. Print. Head, Tom. â€Å"What is Abortion? ” Web. 10 Dec. 2011. Lewis, Jone. â€Å"Abortion History” Web. 10 Dec. 2011. Mahkorn ; Dolan, â€Å" informal disgrace & Pregnancy. ” In New Perspectives on piece Abortion, University Publisher of Amer. , 1981, pp. 182-199 Monhan, Michael. Illegal Abortion. Web. Morgentaler, Henry. Abortion and Contraception. 1st ed. Beaufort Books, 1982. Print. Stritof, Bob. nix Marraige. Web. The New Oxford Annotated Bible: With the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, New rewrite Standard Version.Michael D. Coogan, editor. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. Print. WHO. District Planning beam of light for Maternal and Newborn Health Strategy Implementation. 6-13. Print. Bibliography Barbier, Jean, and Georges Goree. Mother Teresa: The Love of Christ. New York: Harper ; Row, 1982. Print. Boonstra, Heather. Key Questions for Consideration as a New Federal Teen Pre gnancy Prevention Initiative is Implemented. 1st. ed. 13. Washington DC: Guttmacher Policy Review, 2010. Print. CNN †Obama: Pro-choice, Not Pro-Abortion Ad [Video]. (2008). 12 Nov. 2011 Hanson T. , McLanahan, S. and Thomson, E. (1996).Double Jeopardy: Parental Conflict and Stepfamily Outcomes for Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(1): 141-154. Print. Head, Tom. â€Å"What is Abortion? ” Web. 10 Dec. 2011. Lewis, Jone. â€Å"Abortion History” Web. 10 Dec. 2011. Mahkorn ; Dolan, â€Å"Sexual Assault & Pregnancy. ” In New Perspectives on Human Abortion, University Publisher of Amer. , 1981. Print. Monhan, Michael. Illegal Abortion. Web. Morgentaler, Henry. Abortion and Contraception. 1st ed. Beaufort Books, 1982. Print. Reagan, L. J. When Abortion was a Crime, Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973.Univ of California Pr, 1999. Print. Sproul, R. C. Abortion, a Rational Look at an Emotional Issue. Reformation Trust Publi shing, 2010. Print. Stritof, Bob. Prohibited Marraige. Web. 24 November 2011. The New Oxford Annotated Bible: With the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, New Revised Standard Version. Michael D. Coogan, editor. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. Print. WHO. District Planning beast for Maternal and Newborn Health Strategy Implementation. 6-13. Print. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. â€Å"Abortion” Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 10 Aug. 2011\r\n'

'Banking Industry in Nigeria\r'

'Against the backdrop of the compvirtuosont of deposes as monetary intermediaries and their function as the engine of ontogenesis of the saving, this musical composition examines the extent to which the sticking effort has helped to stimulate frugal activities in Nigeria and what the prognosis construes uniform in the post-con unshakableation term.The paper honors that the banking assiduity in Nigeria witnessed a remarkable gain in terms of sediment prime, cast of tree branches, summarise summation and volume of loans and advances, especi aloney since the de-regulation of the pecuniary services sphere in the last drag of 1986. However, given the potentials of the market, banks conduct to do more than than than(prenominal)(prenominal), particularly in financing the ac quotationed field of the prudence.It is argued that the integrating programme is expected to admit a positive effect on duty in the long-run, and that has drastically altered and defin ed the nature of contest in the banking manufacture. Furthermore, it argues that mere size would no yearner be a critical factor in the customers’ survival of which bank to patronize. Rather, emphasis would shift to the energy to deliver superior value to customers. THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND THE Nigerian prudence POST- integrating By DR. B.B. EBONG GROUP MANAGING DIRECTOR/ foreman EXECUTIVE UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC 1. 0 approach banking concerns facilitate economic harvest in a variety of ways. In the first instance, they act as financial intermediaries amidst the surplus generating units and the deficit consumption ones. This is a two-fold function involving the mobilisation of nest egg from the spring group which argon then channelled to the latter to deport amentaceous economic activities. This intermediary role is heavy in two respects.First, by pooling together savings that would open differentwise been fragmented, banks argon able to deliver the goo ds economies of scale with potential benefits for the users of such(prenominal) nones. Secondly, in the absence seizure of banks, each person or phone line seek opinion facility would suck in had to psychely look for those with such funds and negotiate with them directly. This is a unwieldy and timeconsuming unconscious process of double coincidence of wants. By matching the preferences of savers with those of borrowers therefore, banks help in every sendcoming such difficulties.It is pertinent to none that it is from this intermediation function that banks normally not just earn the bulk of their in set by way of relate margin that as well pay appear returns to savers, compensating them for the opportunity cost of their money. It is important to bear this height in intellect because, as we shall see later, if well-nigh(prenominal) bank is unable to recover the funds it lends out, its induce existence as a going touch on would be undermined rapidly and even tually. This is to the extent that its energy to edge the withdrawal requires of depositors would be impaired.It is for this reason that the officials of any bank cannot afford to toy with the management of its happen assets. Towards ensuring that the funds they lend out be recovered, banks create found it expedient to provide business advisory services to their customers. The essence of availing their clients these services is to assure themselves that the beneficiaries borrow modern management policies and practices in running the personal matters of their respective companies which benefit from borrowed funds. The ultimate goal is to stock warrant that these customers argon in a position o service their loan obligations as and when due. This, in turn, would modify banks irritate for their obligations to depositors while also earning a sign on margin to ensure business continuity and collective growth. Banks also play a pivotal role in an economy by providing a we apon for producers/buyers and consumers/sellers to settle transactions between themselves. They do this not only within a orbit but also across national boundaries by means of a highly cost-efficient and technologically alterd payments systems.In the process, banks encourage specialization and division of labour, a major advantage of which is the intensify production and economic growth of the country. Furthermore, banks act as a conduit for the transmission of monetary constitution. They provide a veri fudge platform when it comes to the capital punishment of monetary, point of reference, foreign ex transfer, and early(a) financial domain policies of the government. Among separate things, monetary insurance is designed to influence the cost and availability of loanable funds with a view to promoting non-inflationary growth.The instruments available to the aboriginal Bank to achieve this implicate open market ope balancens (OMO), the cash reserve ratio (CRR), liquidity ratio (LR) and of course, moral suasion. The talent of the banking exertion to perform these functions effectively is, to a large extent, determined by the financial health of the individual institutions themselves and soundness and viability of the persistence as a whole. For instance, where the majority of banks are adjudged to be anaemic and un wakeless, that leave alone impair the ability of the industry to lubricate economic growth and vice versa.Against this background, the objective of this debut is to examine the extent to which the banking industry has helped to stimulate economic activities in Nigeria and what the prognosis looks like in the post-consolidation era, come January 2006. To achieve its objective, this paper is organised into five parts. pursual this introduction, we refresh the performance of the Nigerian banking industry between 2000 and 2004 in sectionalization II. The gainsays facing the banking industry, which the current clean up programme was designed to allot, are highlighted in section III.In section IV, we present the prognosis and outlook during the post-consolidation era while section V contains the concluding remarks. 2. 0 THE PERFORMANCE OF THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY IN 1990 †2004 PERIOD. The banking industry in Nigeria has witnessed a remarkable growth, especially since the de-regulation of the financial services domain in the last quarter of 1986. In terms of headcount for instance, the sum up of banks change put in of magnitude by nearly 154. 8% from 42 in 1986 to 107 in 1990. It further increased by about 12% to120 in 1992.By 2004, however, the image had reduced to 89. This was because, some banks had to be liquidated on distinguish of their dwindling fortunes. The number of bank branches also rose from 1,394 in 1986 to 2,013 in 1990, 2,391 in1992 and by 2004 in spite of the reduction in number of banks, it had reached 3,100. This translates to an inter-temporal increases of 44%, 18. 8% and 29. 7%, respectively. given(p) this scenario, the pertinent question agitating the critical mind is the extent to which the expansion in the number of banks and their branch network had equaled on the economy.Another way to value the performance of banks is to carefully examine the identifications they granted, some(prenominal) in terms of volume, distribution by sectors, and the matureness profile. The data on banks’ credit to the economy are shown in remand 2 at a lower place. bow 2: Banks’ book of factss to the Economy, 1990 †2004 Year Aggregate banks’ credit (Net) (N billion) 42. 58 49. 41 59. 25 125. 75 162. 83 194. 05 266. 44 Growth number (%) Net Domestic reliance Target (%) 13. 5 10. 6 13. 2 17. 5 9. 4 11. 3 12. 0 Actual (%) 17. 1 45. 3 69. 1 91. 4 29. 2 7. -23. 4 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 16 19. 9 112. 2 29. 5 19. 2 37. 3 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 302. 31 378. 08 608. 44 807. 01 1,033. 64 1,302. 2 1,591. 2 2,078. 1 13. 5 25. 1 60. 1 32. 6 28. 1 26. 0 22. 2 30. 6 24. 8 24. 5 18. 3 27. 8 15. 8 57. 9 25. 7 24. 5 -2. 8 46. 8 30. 0 -25. 3 79. 9 64. 6 29. 1 12. 0 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria, yearbook announce and description of Accounts, (various years) As the figures show, the valuate of growth of aggregate bank credit (net) to the domestic help economy ranged from 13. % in 1997 to 112. 2% in 1993. However, according to the Central Bank of Nigeria, in its 2004 yearly continue and dictation of Accounts, an analysis of the sectoral allocation of these credits revealed that the little productive sectors of the economy march ond to be favoured. For instance, in 2003, those sectors comprising land, solid minerals and manufacturing got only 40. 2% of the credits. The situation worsened in 2004 as this figure further declined to 37. 0%.The corollary of this is that, on average, it was more attractive for banks to lend to such sectors as distributive trade, especially import financing, becau se the risks associated with such bestow were relatively lower. The turn around time was every bit shorter. Furthermore, as shown in the last column of table 2, actual domestic credit (net) consistently deviated from keister for almost of the years for which data was shown. If we take the targets to be representative of societal preference, what this means is that the flow of credit for each of those years was farthest from what was socially desirable.The step of these risk assets has worsened progressively since 2002 as the statistics in table 3 demonstrate graphically. Table 3: Asset Quality of Nigerian Banks, 1990 †2004 Year symmetry of non-Performing Credit to total Credit (%) Ratio of non-Performing Credit to Shareholders’ Funds (%) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 44. 10 39. 00 45. 00 41. 00 43. 00 32. 90 33. 90 25. 81 19. 35 21. 5 16. 9 21. 3 21. 6 23. 08 344. 00 222. 00 299. 00 380. 86 567. 70 496. 00 419. 80 253. 0 9 89. 20 92. 2 77. 1 85. 9 89. 105. 3 Source: Nigeria repository Insurance Corporation, Annual give notice (of) & Statement of Accounts, Various Issues The data in table 3 reveal that the ratio of non-performing credit to total credit declined from 45% in 1992 to 23. 08% in 2004. This means that of every N100. 00 lent out during these years, banks lost an average of N30. 60. These losings contributed in no small way to the eroding of shareholders’ funds as shown in the table. These bad accounts represent 567. 7%, 419. 8% and 105. 3% of shareholders’ funds in 1994, 1996 and 2004, respectively.In deed, in the years 1990 to 1997, the shareholders’ funds had been impaired by non-performing risk assets in several multiples. The factors responsible for the light quality of risk assets range from in decorous estimation of credit proposals, unfavourable environmental factors that adversely moved(p) the cash flow of the clients’ businesses to sheer un d epartingness to repay credit facilities on the part of borrowers and the cor replying ineffectualness of the rule of constabulary to catch up with passageological loan defaulted some of whom moved round and destroy one bank after the other.The deterioration in the quality of banks’ risk assets took its toll on the health of the industry as the outcome of the rating of all licensed banks by the Central Bank of Nigeria victimisation the CAMEL parameters has shown. The result of that exercise, which is reproduced in table 4 below, has shown glaringly that the performance of banks in the country has deteriorated since 2001. Table 4: Rating of Banks Using the CAMEL Parameters, 2001 †2004 2001 no. of % of Banks sum total big(p) 10 11. 1 Satisfactory 63 70. fringy 8 8. 9 Unsound 9 10. 0 Total 90 100. 0 Category 2002 No. of Banks 13 54 13 10 90 2003 No. of Banks 11 53 14 9 87 2004 No. of % of Banks Total 10 11. 5 51 58. 6 16 18. 4 10 11. 5 87 100. 0 % of Total 14. 4 6 0. 1 14. 4 11. 1 100. 0 % of Total 12. 6 60. 9 16. 1 10. 4 100. 0 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, 2004 From the table above, it can be seen that the banks adjudged to be sound was consistently less than 15% of the total number for the four-year period.In addition, those whose performance was considered satisfactory represented as high as 70% of the total in 2001. By 2004, however, this group represented only 58. 6% of the total number of banks covered by the exercise. isolated from low-down quality assets, other factors responsible for this extract of affairs include under- corkingisation, weak corporate cheek practices, and the challenges of ethics and professionalism. It is these factors that the on-going restore agenda seeks to address with a view to totally overhauling the system.These issues are examined in more details in the next section. 3. 0 CHALLENGES approach THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA The current banking sector see th e light in Nigeria was designed to promote the viability, soundness and stability of the system to enable it adequately support the aspirations of the economy in terms of accelerated economic growth and development. The amend agenda was motivated by the learn to proactively put the Nigerian banking industry on the path of global competitiveness to enable it effectively respond to the challenges of globalisation.The overall objective is to guarantee that the economy and Nigerians do not stay put fringe players in the background of a globalizing world. The major challenges that the reform was targeted at include inter alia, the following: Weak capital nucleotide. close to banks in Nigeria had a capital base that was less than US$10 million while the largest bank in the country had a capital base of about US$240 million. This compared unfavourably with the situation in Malaysia where the smallest bank had a capital base of US$526 million.The small size of most local banks, bri ng together with their high overheads and operating expenses, has negative implications for the cost of intermediation. It also meant that they could not effectively participate in expensive deals, especially within framework of the single obligor limit. The challenge of ethics and professionalism. In a bid to cash in ones knaps the stiff contender in the market, a number of operators had resorted to unethical and unprofessional practices. Strictly speaking, some crimson went into some businesses that could not be classified as banking.In appreciation of the enormity of the problems caused by the disappointment to dumbfound to professional and ethical standards, the Bankers’ charge set up a sub-committee on â€Å"ethics and professionalism” to handle complaints and disputes arising from queasy and sharp practices. Poor corporate governing body practices. in that location were several instances where control panel members and management staff failed to upho ld and promote the basic pillars of sound corporate validation because they were preoccupied with the attainment of narrowly defined interests. The symptoms of this include high turn over in the Board and management staff, inaccurate reporting and on- conformism with regulatory requirements. tax revenue insider abuses. One area where this was sound out was the credit function. As a result, there were several cases of huge non-performing insider-related credits. Insolvency. The magnitude of non-performing risk assets was such that it had eroded the shareholders’ funds of a number of banks. For instance, according to the 2004 NDIC Annual Report, the ratio of non-performing credit to shareholders’ funds deteriorated from 90% in 2003 to 105% in 2004. This meant that the shareholders’ funds had been completely wiped out industry-wide by the non-performing credit portfolio.Over-reliance on familiar sector deposits. These deposits accounted for over 20% of total de posits in the system. In some institutions, such globe sector funds represented more than 50% of total deposits. This was not a healthy situation from the base of effective designingning and plan implementation, given the volatile nature of these deposits. On account of the huge reliance on public sector funds, a number of players did not pay adequate attention to small savers who normally constitute a major source of stable funds which should be channelled to finance the true(a) sectors.Instead, they concentrated on a few high networth individuals, government parastatals and blue chip companies. It was in response to this situation coupled with the acquire to accord the small and medium enterprises sub-sector the priority it deserves that the Bankers’ Committee came up with the Small and Medium Enterprises Equity investment funds Scheme (SMEEIS) with a view to redirecting credit flows to the sub-sector expansive Ladies and Gentlemen, the foregoing captures the situatio n in the banking industry at the time the reform agenda for the sector was conceptualised and introduced.One has interpreted time to highlight the challenges that the industry was grappling with to enable us better appreciate the rationale for the reform in terms of what it is intended to achieve. Even though the consolidation programme has thirteen basic elements, it is those relating to the tokenish capital base for banks and mergers and skills that ready received the most attention in the ensuing public plow on the subject. In the light of this, it might be useful to enumerate these elements, more so that they are at the centre of this discussion.These planks of the reform programme are: Increase in the minimum capital base of banks from N2 billion to N25 billion with December 31, 2005 as deadline for compliance; Consolidation of banks through mergers and acquisitions; Phased withdrawal of public sector funds from banks, beginning from July, 2004; Adoption of a risk- contract ed and rule-based regulatory framework for the industry; Adoption of zero valuation account in the regulatory framework particularly in the area of instruction rendition/reporting. All returns by any bank must now be signed by the Managing Director;The automation of the process for rendition of returns by banks and other financial institutions through the electronic Financial Analysis and Surveillance trunk (e-FASS); Establishment of a hotline and confidential internet address to enable Nigerians wishing to share confidential information with the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria to do so; Strict enforcement of the contingency planning framework for general banking distress; The make-up of an Assets Management Company as an important element of distress resolution; promotional material of the enforcement of dormant laws, especially those relating to the issuance of dud cheques and the law relating to the vicarious liabilities of the Board members of banks in cases of bank failure; Revision and updating of relevant laws, and drafting of current ones relating to the effective operations of the banking system; Closer collaboration with the stinting and Financial Crimes Commission in the establishment of the Financial Intelligence Unit and the enforcement of the antimoney laundering and other economic crimes measures; andRehabilitation and effective management of the Mint to meet the security printing needs of Nigeria, including the banking system which constitutes over 90% of the Mint’s business. The likely continue of these measures on the banking industry and the economy are examined in the next section. 4. 0 ANTICIPATED IMPACT OF THE CONSOLIDATION PROGRAMME ON THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY In this section, we go forth attempt to paint a scenario regarding the probable impact of the consolidation programme on the banking industry and, hence, the economy.In doing so, it is important to tell that even though the reform agenda is targeted at the banking industry, its ultimate focus is the Nigerian economy. In view of this, and in order to put the discussion in proper perspective, we would like to begin this section with a brief review of the performance of the economy between 2000 and 2004 which data are presented in table 5 hereunder: Table 5: Nigeria, Selected Macroeconomic Indicators, 2000 †2004 Indicator Real gross domestic product Growth Rate (%) Oil sphere of influence Non-Oil Sector Manufacturing Capacity Utilisation (%) Gross National savings (% of GDP) Gross Fixed CapitalFormation (% of GDP) Inflation Rate (%) outside(a) Reserves (US $ million) 2000 5. 4 2001 4. 6 2002 3. 5 2003 10. 2 2004 6. 1 11. 3 2. 9 5. 2 4. 3 -5. 7 7. 9 23. 9 4. 5 3. 3 7. 5 36. 1 39. 6 44. 3 45. 6 45. 0 NA 11. 3 15. 6 13. 6 15. 3 7. 3 7. 2 9. 1 12. 0 16. 2 6. 9 9,910. 4 18. 9 10,415. 6 12. 9 7,681. 1 14. 0 7,467. 8 15. 0 16,955. 0 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, 2004 The dat a in table 5 reveal that, in real terms, the rate of growth of domestic output ranged from 3. 5% to 10. 2% between year 2000 and 2004. The average annual growth rate for the period was 5. 6%, which falls far short of the 10% minimum that is required for the country to meet the targets set in the Millennium organic evolution Goals (MDG). Furthermore, the service sector and wholesale & sell trade still account for a disproportionate share of total output, considering our stage of economic development. On the other hand, the real productive sectors like agriculture and manufacturing are yet to assume their pride of place in the economy. As can be seen from the statistics, subject matter utilisation in the manufacturing sector was consistently below 50% throughout the five years.Among other things, this is a reflection of the undue competition that local manufacturers moderate had to verbalism from their relatively more mature and efficient overseas counterparts. These are not healthy developments from the viewpoint of a developing country that is desirous of achieving free burning economic growth. Given the low level of domestic output, coupled with the rising demand, it is not surprising that the governing were not able to keep the inflation rate below double digit as intended.It is this dangerous state of the economy that the banking sector reform was designed to address at the end of the day. The expectation is that the reform programme will impact positively on the banking industry and thus put the economy on the path of sustainable growth. While most analysts have expressed serious concerns regarding the adverse impact of the consolidation programme on the level of use, the authorities at the Central Bank of Nigeria have allayed such fears.While acknowledging that employment opportunities in the industry would shrink, at least in the short run, the management of the Bank is optimistic that the long positive effects of the reform programme on the labour market will be more far- reaching. The thrust of the argument is that at the end of the day, the consolidation programme will lead to a stronger and more robust banking industry that will adequately oppose the expansion of economic activities, especially in the real sectors of the economy. In this process of rejuvenating the economy, more job opportunities will be created.The consolidation programme will drastically alter and redefine the nature of competition in the banking industry. By significantly increasing the minimum capital base for banks, the policy has not only raised(a) the barriers for modernistic entrants, it has also reduced the number of banks in the system through the mergers and acquisitions. It will be recalled that hitherto, competition in the industry was essentially between those players that one may safely refer to as the â€Å"industry giants” on the one hand, and those popularly referred to as the new generation banks, on the other.Going fo rward, however, what we will witness is a battle for survival among the ensuing mega banks, all with brooding branch network. In the new dispensation, stability of individual institutions and, hence, safety of depositors’ funds is not likely to remain a major consideration in customers’ choice of which bank to patronise. Rather, emphasis will shift to the ability to deliver superior value to clients and stakeholders generally as well as the prices for bank products and services. As pointed out earlier, many banks in Nigeria had relied heavily on the public sector as a source of funds.Consequently, they did not aggressively explore available potentials in other market segments. This situation will, however, change with the withdrawal of public sector funds from the vaults of banks as part of the policy shift. We therefore expect that banks will focus more on those sectors that were hitherto underserved like the real, informal sectors, including the consumer market. Th ey need to devise creative ways of effectively tapping into the opportunities in these market segments, both in terms of deposit mobilisation and the provision of credit facilities.Going forward therefore, banks are more likely to provide better swear for sustained economic growth in Nigeria. The pressing to aggressively explore those market segments that were hitherto underserved will be reinforced by the desire on the part of the management of each bank to continue to generate attractive returns to shareholders. Currently, the average return on invested capital (ROIC) in the Nigerian banking industry is estimated at 38%. With the substantial increase in shareholders’ funds, however, each bank will need to generate a minimum of N9. billion in profit in the lead tax in order to maintain the said(prenominal) rate of return. This is a daunting challenge that calls for creativity. To meet the challenge, banks will need to radically redefine their business models and strategi es. The status of corporate brass section in the banking industry is expected to improve remarkably following the change in ownership structure. This is because, even though poor governance practices cut across the industry, they were more pronounced in the privately owned institutions.Given the dilution of ownership in the new dispensation, the situation where individuals and their cronies had overbearing influence in the running and management of banks will become a thing of the past. Moreover, as public companies, each bank will now be subjected to a higher(prenominal) standard of governance in terms of information disclosure. 5. 0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION In this paper, we have examined the probable impact of the on-going banking sector reform on the Nigerian economy.In the process, we drew attention to the challenges facing operators in the banking industry that need to be addressed for the industry to make desired contributions to the orderly growth of the economy. These challen ges encompass those of unethical and unprofessional behaviour, poor corporate governance practices, weak capital base, and over-dependence on public sector deposits. From the analysis, it is clear that the consolidation programme will impact positively on the economy for a number of reasons.First, the development is expected to have long-term skilful effects on the level of employment considering that it will facilitate enhanced production in various(a) sectors of the economy. The reform programme will also redefine the nature of competition in the banking industry such that each institution will have no choice but to assign priority to its capacity to deliver superior value to its clients, since this is what will ultimately make the difference between losers and winners. By denying anks attack to public sector deposits, the reform will make it imperative for them to shift focus to those market segments that were generally unbanked and untapped hitherto. Furthermore, it is envis aged that the consolidation programme will have salutary effects on corporate governance practices in the industry. In concluding this discussion, it is important to reiterate that the realisation of these outcomes would depend on the effective implementation of the programme. In particular, it would depend on how the banks that have embraced mergers and acquisition handle the post integration challenges that will face them.Where these issues are nor properly handled, the anticipated synergy may become elusive.BIBLIOGRAPHY Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, (various issues. ) Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation, Annual Report and Accounts, (various issued) Statement of Mckinnon, R. I. (1973), Money and Capital in Economic Development Washington, D. C. : The Brookings Institution. Oboh, G. A. T. (2005), Selected Essays On Contemporary Issues In The Nigerian Banking System. Ibadan: University Press Plc.\r\n'